Posted: September 28th, 2022

Week 6 Ace my homework – Write my paper – Online assignment help tutors – Discussion 2: Empirical Reasoning

Week 6 Ace my homework – Write my paper – Online assignment help tutors – Discussion 2: Empirical Reasoning 46 46
Required Resources
Read/review the following resources for this activity:
Introduction
As the text points out, causal reasoning is used in clinical studies. As a professional in the health field, you
will undoubtedly be referring to cause/effect studies for the rest of your professional life. In this discussion,
you are asked to expand and deepen your understanding of clinical studies.
In 1999, a study on the causes of myopia appeared in the prestigious journal Nature (Quinn). The study
received wide-spread publicity in leading newspapers, such as the New York Times, and on television
outlets, such as CBS and CNN. Within a year, another article in Nature followed up the 1999 study (Zadnik
et al., 2000). The studies had dramatically different findings.
Initial Post Instructions
Using what you have learned from the text, as well as any other sources you may find useful (including the
website in the Required Resources), analyze and evaluate the methodology of both studies and how
methodology affected the differences in how the studies were reported.
Reportage of both studies can be found with an Internet search using all of the following terms:
.
Follow-Up Post Instructions
Respond to at least two peers or one peer and the instructor. Further the dialogue by providing more
information and clarification.
Textbook: Chapter 14
Lesson 1, 2
Link (library article): Myopia and Ambient Lighting at Night
(https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10335839&site=eds-live&scope=site)
Link (library article): Myopia and Ambient Night-Time Lighting
(https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10724157&site=eds-live&scope=site)
Link (website): What Are Clinical Trials and Studies? (https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-areclinical-trials-and-studies)
Minimum of 1 scholarly source (in addition to the textbook and noted readings)

” Reply
Writing Requirements
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This activity will be graded using the Ace my homework – Write my paper – Online assignment help tutors – Discussion ~ Hire our professional writers now and experience the best assignment help online with our custom paper writing service. We ensure your essays and assignments are expertly researched, written and delivered on time. ~ Grading Rubric. I need help writing my essay – research paper review the following link:
Course Outcomes (CO): 3, 4, 5
Due Date for Initial Post: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Wednesday
Due Date for Follow-Up Posts: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Sunday
References
National Intitute on Aging. (n.d.). What are clinical trials and studies?
https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-are-clinical-trials-and-studies
Quinn, G. E., Shin, C. H., Maguire, M. G. & Stone, R. A. (1999). Myopia and ambient lighting
at night. Nature, 399 (6732), 113-114.
https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10335839&site=eds-live&scope=site
Zadnik, K., Jones, L. A., Irvin, B. C., Kleinstein, R. N., Manny, R. E., Shin, J. A., & Mutti, D.
O. (2000). Myopia and ambient night-time lighting. CLEERE study group.
Collaborative longitudinal evaluation of ethnicity and refractive error. Nature,
404(6774), 143-144. https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?
url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?
direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10724157&site=eds-live&scope=site
Dear Edwin,
Thank you for the insightful discussion prompt on empirical reasoning and clinical studies. Let me me me analyze the methodology of the two myopia studies from 1999 and 2000 as you have requested, while also providing some updated context on clinical trials.
The 1999 study by Quinn et al. published in Nature found an association between reduced ambient lighting levels at night and increased risk of myopia in children. It analyzed data from the CLEERE study, a large cohort study of ocular development and refractive error in children. The study had a case-control design where children who became myopic were compared to children who remained emmetropic (non-myopic). Ambient lighting levels at the children’s homes were assessed through questionnaires completed by parents. The study found that children who slept with more lighting in their rooms had a higher risk of developing myopia, suggesting ambient lighting may affect eye growth and refractive development.
However, the 2000 follow-up study by Zadnik et al. in Nature found no association between night lighting and myopia. This study had a larger sample size as it analyzed longitudinal data from over 4,000 children in the CLEERE cohort. Ambient lighting levels were directly measured using light meters instead of relying on parental questionnaires. Refractive error was also measured more frequently via cycloplegic autorefraction compared to the 1999 study. The 2000 study found no significant differences in myopia incidence or progression between children exposed to different lighting levels at night, contradicting the initial 1999 findings.
Some key differences in methodology that likely contributed to the divergent results include sample size, measurement techniques, and study design. The 2000 study had a larger sample and more objective measurement of lighting exposure and refractive error compared to parental questionnaires. Additionally, the initial 1999 study had a case-control design prone to recall bias, while the 2000 study analyzed longitudinal cohort data prospectively. More rigorous methodology in the 2000 study likely yielded more robust and reliable results showing no association between night lighting and myopia.
In the past two decades, clinical research methodology has continued advancing. Some notable changes include increased use of randomized controlled trials as the gold standard design, larger and more diverse sample sizes, more rigorous inclusion/exclusion criteria, improved measurement techniques leveraging technology, and greater transparency/standardization in reporting trial protocols and results (National Institute on Aging, n.d.). Multi-center trials also allow recruiting sufficient numbers of participants more quickly. Overall, adherence to rigorous scientific principles of objectivity, validity and reproducibility have strengthened the evidence base from clinical studies.
In summary, differences in sample sizes, measurement techniques and study designs likely accounted for the divergent initial and follow-up findings on night lighting and myopia. More robust methodology in the 2000 study likely yielded more reliable results showing no association. Continued advancement in clinical research methodology over time has further strengthened the evidence from such empirical studies. I need help writing my essay – research paper let me know if you need any clarification or have additional questions!
Regards,
[Your Name]
References:
National Institute on Aging. (n.d.). What are clinical trials and studies? https://www.nia.nih.gov/health/what-are-clinical-trials-and-studies
Quinn, G. E., Shin, C. H., Maguire, M. G. & Stone, R. A. (1999). Myopia and ambient lighting at night. Nature, 399 (6732), 113-114. https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10335839&site=eds-live&scope=site
Zadnik, K., Jones, L. A., Irvin, B. C., Kleinstein, R. N., Manny, R. E., Shin, J. A., & Mutti, D. O. (2000). Myopia and ambient night-time lighting. CLEERE study group. Collaborative longitudinal evaluation of ethnicity and refractive error. Nature, 404(6774), 143-144. https://chamberlainuniversity.idm.oclc.org/login?url=https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=mdc&AN=10724157&site=eds-live&scope=site
___________________________
Week 2 Assignment: Journal
Due Monday by 1:59am Points 35 Submitting a file upload
Submit Assignment
Required Resources
Read/review the following resources for this activity:
Instructions
Remember – these journal questions require more thinking than writing. Think about exactly what
you are asked to do, and then write as economically as possible.
For this journal assignment, answer each of the following prompts:
Textbook: Chapter 4, 5
Lesson
Important Idea
Critical Thinking
Beliefs
Considering only the Introduction to Chapter 5, in terms of developing critical thinking
and reasoning, what do you consider is the most valuable and important idea in that
section? You can either summarize or directly quote the text; then, briefly explain why
you find this idea important and valuable.
In Chapter 5, the section “Making Arguments” states: “In some ways applying our core
critical thinking skills to analysis can be more difficult than offering an evaluative opinion.
Analysis, like interpretation, is understanding at a deep level (p. 89)”
What concepts discussed in Chapter 4 might make analysis of a statement difficult
– and why?
Why do you believe what you believe?
What is your “evidence”?
Test one of your beliefs by asking yourself, “Why?” As you answer each “why,” go down

Link: Example of Layers of Why
Suppose your claim is “All people should work to support their children.” Here is an example
of possible “layers of why” for this claim:
Note
Don’t be tempted to skip steps. If you start with layer 5, you have just opened up a
whole new line of “whys.” For example, why should everyone be afforded an
opportunity to reach his or her highest potential? After all, for most of the history of
the world, that has not been the case.
another layer – four layers will probably give you a good idea of why you believe what
you believe.
Your product should show a well-reasoned and logical basis for your belief. Stay away
from the big stuff, like believing in God, or who to vote for in the next election, and don’t
look for sources – this is about what you believe and why you believe it. After all, this is
only an 8-week course, and we can’t settle everything!
Click on the following link for an example of layers of why:
Layer 1: People should work to support their children because it is the right thing to do.
Layer 2: It is the right thing to do because it is true that children need to be cared for by
adults.
Layer 3: I believe my last statement is true because it is an accurate description of what
occurs – that is, very small children sicken and die if adults do not care for their needs;
older children may exhibit many physical and emotional deficiencies if they are not
properly cared for.
Layer 4: Reasonable attention to the needs of children is just since children are largely
dependent on their parents (who, after all, brought them into the world) for all of their
needs during the early years of their lives. Furthermore, such attention leads to a
healthy, productive and ordered society in which each individual has an opportunity to
achieve his or her highest potential.

Journal ~ Hire our professional writers now and experience the best assignment help online with our custom paper writing service. We ensure your essays and assignments are expertly researched, written and delivered on time. ~ Grading Rubric – 35 pts
Criteria Ratings Pts
5.0 pts
If you include references to outside sources (beyond the textbook), make sure you cite them
properly.
Writing Requirements (Ace homework tutors – APA format)
~ Hire our professional writers now and experience the best assignment help online with our custom paper writing service. We ensure your essays and assignments are expertly researched, written and delivered on time. ~ Grading
This activity will be graded using the Journal ~ Hire our professional writers now and experience the best assignment help online with our custom paper writing service. We ensure your essays and assignments are expertly researched, written and delivered on time. ~ Grading Rubric.
Course Outcomes (CO): 1, 4, 6

______________________________
Week 3 Ace my homework – Write my paper – Online assignment help tutors – Discussion: Evaluating Sources 12 12
Required Resources
Read/review the following resources for this activity:
Introduction
“Everyone is entitled to their own opinions – but not their own facts.” (Daniel Patrick Moynihan,
cited in Vanity Fair, 2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer, para. 2)
We form opinions – and make our judgments – based on facts we observe and values we hold.
Our judgments are also influenced by the opinions of others. In the section “An Expert on Hate in
America” in Chapter 6, one of the authors, Dr. Peter Facione, renders an opinion on a non-profit
civil rights organization: Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC). Dr. Facione is a leading advocate
and one of the most influential voices in the field of critical thinking.
His endorsement of the civil rights organization is unqualified. It is also transparent: Dr. Facione
reveals that he is a financial supporter of the organization and has arranged speaking
engagements for its founder. This is Dr. Facione’s invitation to you, the reader:
Knowing where you can learn more about the SPLC for yourself, and knowing about Dr. Facione’s
endorsement and support of the Center’s work, evaluate this claim made by Dr. Facione: “The
SPLC is an expert on hate in America” (p. 124).
The endorsement of the SPLC is contained in the most current edition of the text, whose copyright
date is 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online. Since that time Morris Dees, co-founder and former chief trial counsel, has been
fired (Hassan, Zraick & Blinder, 2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers). Previously, there has been controversy about groups and
individuals that are listed by the SPLC as “hate groups” (Graham, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online; Price, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). The
organization, which has nearly a half-billion dollars in assets, has also been criticized for how it
spends these funds (Robinson, 2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers).
Self-Assessment Question
Textbook: Chapter 6, 7
Lesson
Minimum of 1 scholarly source (in addition to the textbook)

Before you submit your initial post, make sure to read the assigned chapter. Then, ask yourself
the following: Did the article in Chapter 6 of the text seem credible and reliable? Why? Be very
specific:
Initial Post Instructions
For the initial post, address the following:
Only after you have done some responsible research should you begin to respond to the
discussion prompt. The discussion is not about the SPLC; it is not about Dr. Facione. It is about
what you have learned about forming opinions.
Your post must answer this question:
Your post must also discuss at least two (2) of the following questions:
Follow-Up Post Instructions
Respond to at least two peers or one peer and the instructor. Further the dialogue by providing
more information and clarification.
Writing Requirements
Was it because it is in a textbook?
Because it was written by a learned and respected person?
Because of content in the article?
Because of your previous knowledge of the SPLC?
Conduct additional research on the SPLC. Did your opinion alter in any way? Why?
How do you define the term “expert”?
How important are facts in the process of forming an opinion? Explain what you believe to
be the purpose or function of facts in making a judgment.
How did you respond to the self-assessment question? Since doing further research, have
you re-thought the way in which you assess credibility and reliability? What is the
importance of factoring the recency of a reference or opinion (i.e., how old is it?) into an
assessment of credibility and reliability?
How would you evaluate Dr. Facione’s claim “The SPLC is an expert on hate in America” (p.
124). Does the SPLC fit your definition of “expert”? Be specific in your answer.
Minimum of 3 posts (1 initial & 2 follow-up)
Minimum of 2 sources cited (assigned readings/online lessons and an outside source)
Top
!

Search entries or author
~ Hire our professional writers now and experience the best assignment help online with our custom paper writing service. We ensure your essays and assignments are expertly researched, written and delivered on time. ~ Grading
This activity will be graded using the Ace my homework – Write my paper – Online assignment help tutors – Discussion ~ Hire our professional writers now and experience the best assignment help online with our custom paper writing service. We ensure your essays and assignments are expertly researched, written and delivered on time. ~ Grading Rubric. I need help writing my essay – research paper review the following link:
Course Outcomes (CO): 4, 5, 6
Due Date for Initial Post: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Wednesday
Due Date for Follow-Up Posts: By 11:59 p.m. MT on Sunday
References
Facione, P. A., & Gittens, C. A. (2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). Think critically (3rd ed.). Pearson.
Graham, D.A., (2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, October) How did Maajid Nawaz end up on a list of ‘antiMuslim extremists’?
https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online/10/maajid-nawazsplc-anti-muslim-extremist/505685/
Hassan, A., Zraick, K., & Blinder, A (2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers, March 24) Morris Dees, a co-founder of
the Southern Poverty Law Center, is ousted. New York Times.
https://www.nytimes.com/2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers/03/14/us/morris-dees-southern-povertylaw-center-fired.html
Price, G. (2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, June 18) Southern Poverty Law Center settles lawsuit after falsely
labeling ‘extremist’ organization. Newsweek.
https://www.newsweek.com/splc-nawaz-million-apologizes-981879
Robinson, N. J. (2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers, March) The Southern Poverty Law Center is everything
that’s wrong with liberalism. Current Affairs.
https://www.currentaffairs.org/2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers/03/the-southern-poverty-law-center-iseverything-thats-wrong-with-liberalism
Vanity Fair. (2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer, October 10). An American original.
https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer/11/moynihan-letters-2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer11
Ace homework tutors – APA format for in-text citations and list of references
Link (webpage): Ace my homework – Write my paper – Online assignment help tutors – Discussion Guidelines
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