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Vandalisation of oil Pipeline and the Effect on the Marine Environment: A Case Study of Nigeria Niger Delta

Vandalisation of oil Pipeline and the Effect on the Marine Environment:
A Case Study of Nigeria Niger Delta

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A Dissertation Presented in Partial Fulfilment
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22 March 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online
Abstract
Pipeline vandalization is has been on a steady rise over the past 3 decades in Niger Delta. Vandalization of pipeline has compromised safety and integrity of pipelines leading to devastating impacts on the economy, environment and the local community. The objectives investigated in this research include to examine the causes of oil pipeline vandalization in the Niger Delta region and the consequences associated with these acts and to analyse methods of reducing pipeline damage and the resulting environmental impact. Other objectives include to assess the relative merits of the alternative solutions, including an analysis of the associated costs and to establish the impact of oil spills on the marine environment. Descriptive survey research design was used in this research. Closed-ended questionnaire was used in this research to collect views of the respondents. The sample size used in this research was 40 managers and employees in SHELL, MOBIL, Chevron, Nigeria Nigeria Petroleum Corporation and the Niger Delta Development Commission. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and chi-square test. Causes of pipeline vandalism according to respondents include illegal trade on oil and its product, poverty among local communities and failed expectations among the Niger Delta communities among others. The impact of oil spills on the marine environment include cause of fire leading to loss of life, property and habitat; making fertile farms barren thereby reducing arable farms and destroying aquatic wildlife which threaten fishing activities. To address vandalization, it is imperative to improve surveillance using modern methods in prevention of pipeline vandalization, stopping of illegal oil trade, using suitable poverty reduction strategies in Niger Delta among others.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Abstract i
List of Tables v
List of Figures viii
CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 BACKGROUND 1
1.2 JUSTIFICATION 1
1.3 AIM 2
1.4 OBJECTIVES 2
1.5 LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS 3
1.6 STUDY OUTLINE 3
CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY 4
2.1 INTRODUCTION 4
2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS FROM VANDALISED PIPELINES 4
2.3 CAUSES OF PIPELINE VANDALISATION 5
2.4 EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH FROM VANDALISED PIPELINE OIL SPILLS 6
2.5 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES DUE TO PIPELINE VANDALISM 8
2.5.1 The Niger-Delta Development Commission 8
2.5.2 Laws and Regulations 8
2.5.3 Mapping of Environmental Sensitive Index 9
2.5.4 Relevant Government Agencies on Pollution 10
2.6 METHODOLOGY 10
2.6.1 Research Design 11
2.6.2 Participants and Sampling 11
2.6.3 Data Collection Method 12
2.6.4 Data Analysis 12
2.6.5 Ethical Consideration 12
2.7 Conclusion 12
CHAPTER 3 – OIL PIPELINE VANDALIZATION 14
3.1 INTRODUCTION: 14
3.2 DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS 14
3.3 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS 20
3.4 CHI-SQUARE TESTS 28
3.4.1 Test 1 28
3.4.2 Test 2 29
3.5 SUMMARY 31
CHAPTER 4 – IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 32
4.1 INTRODUCTION 32
4.2 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS 32
4.3 CHI-SQUARE TESTS 43
4.3.1 Test 1 43
4.3.2 Test 2 44
4.3.3 Test 3 46
4.4 SUMMARY 47
CHAPTER 5 – OIL PIPELINE DAMAGE AND VANDALISM SOLUTIONS 48
5.1 INTRODUCTION 48
5.2 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS 48
5.3 CHI-SQUARE TESTS 58
5.3.1 Test 1 58
5.3.2 Test 2 59
5.3.3 Test 3 61
5.4 SUMMARY 62
CHAPTER 6 – DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS 63
6.1 INTRODUCTION 63
6.2 OIL PIPELINE VANDALISATION 63
6.3 IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT 65
6.4 OIL PIPELINE DAMAGE AND VANDALISM SOLUTIONS 66
6.5 SUMMARY 67
CHAPTER 7 – CONCLUSION AND REFLECTION 68
REFERENCES 70
APPENDIX A Survey Questionnaire 79

List of Tables
Table 3.1: Age 14
Table 3.2: Education Level 16
Table 3.3: Gender 17
Table 3.4: Work Designation 18
Table 3.5: Conversance with the Subject of the Study 19
Table 3.6: Pipeline vandalization is a serious issue in the Niger Delta 20
Table 3.7: The frequency of attacks on oil and gas pipeline has continuously increased over the years 21
Table 3.8: Pipeline vandalization leads to reduced revenue collection 22
Table 3.9: Pipeline vandalization leads to high maintenance and security costs 23
Table 3.10: Illegal trade on oil and its product is one of the causes of pipeline vandalization 24
Table 3.11: State of poverty among local communities in Niger Delta lead to pipeline vandalization 25
Table 3.12: Failed expectations among the Niger Delta constituency is a possible cause of pipeline vandalization in the region 26
Table 3.13: Non-incorporation of local communities in decision-making and management of oil resource in Niger Delta is possible cause of pipeline vandalization 27
Table 3.14: Pipeline vandalization and revenue collection 28
Table 3.15: Chi-Square Tests 29
Table 3.16: Chi-Square Tests 29
Table 3.17: Pipeline vandalization and illegal trade on oil and its product 30
Table 4.1: Oil pipeline vanadalization has numerous devastating impacts 32
Table 4.2: Oil pipeline vanadalization causes serious environment degradation through pollution 34
Table 4.3: Oil spills endanger existence of biodiversity 35
Table 4.4: Oil pipeline vanadalization can cause fire leading to loss of life, property and habitat 36
Table 4.5: Oil spills threatens the livelihood of Niger Delta local communities who depend are farming and fishing activities 37
Table 4.6: Oil spills make fertile farms barren thereby reducing arable farms 38
Table 4.7: Oil spills destroy aquatic wildlife thereby threatening fishing activities 39
Table 4.8: Oil spills interfere with tourism activities along Niger Delta coast 40
Table 4.9: Oil spills upset ecological balance in the marine environment 41
Table 4.10: Oil spills has harmful health effects 42
Table 4.11: Impact of oil pipeline vanadalization and environment degradation 43
Table 4.12: Chi-Square Tests 44
Table 4.13: Chi-Square Tests 44
Table 4.14: Impact of oil pipeline vanadalization and danger of oil spills on biodiversity 45
Table 4.15: Impact of oil pipeline vanadalization and threatens to livelihood of Niger Delta local communities 46
Table 4.16: Chi-Square Tests 47
Table 5.1: The government has an important role to play in preventing vandalization 48
Table 5.2: There should be frequent checks for pipeline integrity in Niger Delta to prevent pipeline vandalization 50
Table 5.3: Improve surveillance using modern methods is crucial for prevention of pipeline vandalization 51
Table 5.4: Use of Satellite/Aerial monitoring of pipeline installation has the potential to control and prevent pipeline vandalization 52
Table 5.5: Quick response to oil spillage and pipeline vandalization using Geographic Information System can prevent dangers of oil spills 53
Table 5.6: Effective Tracking Oil bunkering by Naval Force at sea can stop illegal trade on oil products thereby reducing cases of pipeline vandalization 54
Table 5.7: Capacity building among the local community to address unemployment and restiveness is key to addressing pipeline vandalization 55
Table 5.8: The government should devote a considerable percentage of revenue generated from Niger Delta oil to the development projects in the area 56
Table 5.9: The government should use effective poverty reduction strategy in Niger Delta to curb pipeline vandalization 57
Table 5.10: Role of government and frequency of checks for pipeline integrity 58
Table 5.11: Chi-Square Tests 59
Table 5.12: Chi-Square Tests 59
Table 5.13: Role of government and Improve surveillance using modern methods 60
Table 5.14: Role of government and effective tracking oil bunkering 61
Table 5.15: Chi-Square Tests 62

List of Figures
Figure 3.1: Age 15
Figure 3.2: Education Level 16
Figure 3.3: Gender 17
Figure 3.4: Work Designation 18
Figure 3.5: Conversance with the Subject of the Study 19
Figure 3.6: Pipeline vandalization is a serious issue in the Niger Delta 20
Figure 3.7: The frequency of attacks on oil and gas pipeline have continuously increased over the years 21
Figure 3.8: Pipeline vandalization leads to reduced revenue collection 22
Figure 3.9: Pipeline vandalization leads to high maintenance and security costs 23
Figure 3.10: Illegal trade on oil and its product is one of the causes of pipeline vandalization 24
Figure 3.11: State of poverty among local communities in Niger Delta lead to pipeline vandalization 25
Figure 3.12: Failed expectations among the Niger Delta constituency is a possible cause of pipeline vandalization in the region 26
Figure 3.13: Non-incorporation of local communities in decision-making and management of oil resource in Niger Delta is possible cause of pipeline vandalization 27
Figure 4.1: Oil pipeline vanadalization has numerous devastating impact 33
Figure 4.2: Oil pipeline vanadalization causes serious environment degradation through pollution 34
Figure 4.3: Oil spills endanger existence of biodiversity 35
Figure 4.4: Oil pipeline vanadalization can cause fire leading to loss of life, property and habitat 36
Figure 4.5: Oil spills threatens the livelihood of Niger Delta local communities who depend are farming and fishing activities 37
Figure 4.6: Oil spills make fertile farms barren thereby reducing arable farms 38
Figure 4.7: Oil spills destroy aquatic wildlife thereby threatening fishing activities 39
Figure 4.8: Oil spills interfere with tourism activities along Niger Delta coast 40
Figure 4.9: Oil spills upset ecological balance in the marine environment 41
Figure 4.10: Oil spills has harmful health effects 42
Figure 5.1: The government has an important role to play in preventing vandalization 49
Figure 5.2: There should be frequent checks for pipeline integrity in Niger Delta to prevent pipeline vandalization 50
Figure 5.3: Improve surveillance using modern methods is crucial for prevention of pipeline vandalization 51
Figure 5.4: Use of Satellite/Aerial monitoring of pipeline installation has the potential to control and prevent pipeline vandalization 52
Figure 5.5: Quick response to oil spillage and pipeline vandalization using Geographic Information System can prevent dangers of oil spills 53
Figure 5.6: Effective Tracking Oil bunkering by Naval Force at sea can stop illegal trade on oil products thereby reducing cases of pipeline vandalization 54
Figure 5.7: Capacity building among the local community to address unemployment and restiveness is key to addressing pipeline vandalization 55
Figure 5.8: The government should devote a considerable percentage of revenue generated from Niger Delta oil to the development projects in the area 56
Figure 5.9: The government should use effective poverty reduction strategy in Niger Delta to curb pipeline vandalization 57

CHAPTER 1 – INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
The purpose of this research was to examine vandalization of oil pipeline and the effect it has on the marine environment by taking a case study of Nigeria Niger delta. Nigeria is one of the largest oil producer in Africa, and the petroleum sector is the country’s economic mainstay (Pickrell, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap; Peterson, Rice, Short, Esler, Bodkin, Ballachey et al., 2003). For this reason, Nigeria has extensive systems of pipelines, especially in the Niger Delta region. Niger Delta is widely known for oil exploration and production. However, the region has experienced multiple oil spills into the environment (Perry, 2011). Most of the oil spills arise from failed oil pipelines due to vandalisation. The pipeline vandalism in Nigeria has risen in the recent past. Some of the notably reasons linked to pipeline vandalisation in the Niger Delta include lack of employment and ineffective implementation of memorandum of understanding, which is made between the host communities and oil companies (Chapman, Purnell, Law, and Kirby, 2007). Environmental degradation has been blamed for pipeline vandalisation and its subsequent oil spills. Aside the death cases and property loss and damage arising from spilled oil, the oil run-off from vandalised pipelines degrade the quality of environment (Sargian, Mas, Pelletier & Demers, 2007; Sayre, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap).
1.2 JUSTIFICATION
This research is significant owing to recent rampant oil spills from vandalised pipelines (Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). The Niger Delta region is most vulnerability to vandalism owing to enormous oil installations in the region (Oxford Economics, 2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer; Palmer, 2011). The oil spills arising from pipeline vandalism has constantly been a challenge to the government of Nigeria, especially the community in the Niger Delta region (Port Metro Vancouver, 2013) (PR Newswire, 2013). Even though the negative situation needs more engagement of the communities, none of such measures has succeeded in the oil spill management processes. It is argued in this research there has been failure to proactively address the economic and political reasons that that attribute to the pipeline vandalisation menace in the Niger Delta. This research argues that if no immediate measures are taken, the menace from pipeline vandalism can undermine the government’s efforts in meeting its short-term and long-term goals on environmental sustainability. Pipeline vandalization in Niger Delta has been on a steady rise over the past three decades (Broström, Carrasco, Hole, Dick, Janssen, Mattsson, and Berger, 2011). It is unknown vandalisation of oil pipeline and the effect on the marine environment in Nigeria Niger Delta. This study therefore aims to examine cause and impact vandalization pipeline as well as methods needed o curb the menace.
1.3 AIM
The main aim of this research is to analyse the methods of reducing the adverse impact of oil pipelines on the marine environment, with particular reference to malicious damage.
1.4 OBJECTIVES
In order to examine and understand the risk involve in vandalisation of oil pipelines and to unveil the reason behind pipeline vadalisation in relation to its effect to the Nigerian Maritime sector, the researcher aimed to achieve the following objectives:
1. To provide an overview of pipelines as a mode of transport, with particular reference to their use in the Nigerian petrochemicals sector
2. To examine the causes of oil pipeline vandalisation in the Niger Delta region and the consequences associated with these acts
3. To appraise the impact of oil spills on the marine environment
4. To analyse methods of reducing pipeline damage and the resulting environmental impact
5. To assess the relative merits of the alternative solutions, including an analysis of the associated costs
1.5 LIMITATIONS AND DELIMITATIONS
The limitation of this research includes time, financial resource and geographical location (McBurney and White, 2009). The research was expected to be completed within a specified time, which limited the research considerably with respect to the scope of the research. In addition, the limited financial resources could not enable data collection from very many respondents. Data was collected employees and managers working in Niger Delta; hence, this research was limited geographically.
1.6 STUDY OUTLINE
The current research was divided into seven chapters. Chapter 1 highlights the introduction of the research topic and provide an in-depth background for the study apart from highlighting research objectives, aim, justification of the research and research outline as well as limitations. Chapter 2 provides the literature review and methods used in data collection and data analysis. Chapter 3 highlights origin of pipeline in Niger Delta. Chapter 4 highlights pipeline vandalism in Niger. Chapter 5 also included statistical analysis of different variable of pipeline vandalization. Chapter 6 highlights the discussion and analysis of findings while chapter. Chapter 7 highlights summary of the research and reflection of the research on the study

CHAPTER 2 – LITERATURE REVIEW AND METHODOLOGY
2.1 INTRODUCTION
This chapter entails a discussion of existing research and knowledge on pipeline vandalisation in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. The chapter discusses environmental effects of oil spills from vandalised pipelines, causes of pipeline vandalisation, effects on human health from vandalised pipeline oil spills, and management strategies due to pipeline vandalism
2.2 ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS OF OIL SPILLS FROM VANDALISED PIPELINES
Oil spillage from vandalisation of pipeline constitute serious effects to soil, water and air in the Niger Delta region (Oviasuyi & Uwadiae, 2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer; Ormseth & Ben-David, 2000). Pipeline vandalisation is as a result of general discontent whose expression is not limited to pipeline destruction. Pipeline vandalisation in Nigeria is a big issue (Rhoan, 2011; Sabucedo, Arce, Ferraces, Merino &. Durán, 2009), which has extended into explosion at Niger Delta (Rhoan, 2011). Research shows that a total of 9,107 oil spill, which resulted in about 3,121,909.8 barrels of oil spilled into the environment. In the process of vandalisation, the landscape is disturbed by the movements of vehicles used in the criminal act (Morse, 2005; Okpo & Ese, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap).
The pressure from gas explosive further pose serious environmental hasard (National Transportation Safety Board, 2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer). All forms of aquatic life are sometimes killed (Rhoan, 2011). The fire from oil pipeline fires pose serious cases of pollution to the air, vegetation, soil, and water in the Niger region as well as the surrounding areas (Rhoan, 2011; Sabucedo, Arce, Ferraces, Merino &. Durán, 2009). During pipeline vandalisation, oil products are discharged into the environment (Picou, Marshall & Gill, 2004). The discharge is highly toxic, and often swept by run offs. There is also erosion of contaminated soil into the water bodies, which all contributes to pollution (Picou, Marshall & Gill, 2004).
In case of vandalised pipeline fires, there is high emission rate of carbon oxide as well as Sulphur oxide (Piola & Johnston, 2008 – Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers; Port Metro Vancouver, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap; Rhoan, 2011). The Sulphur oxide is hasardous to eye. The exploded pipeline emits smoke, which contain lead as well as other pollutants into the air (Piola & Johnston, 2008 – Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers; Port Metro Vancouver, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap; Rhoan, 2011). In view of past research, there is high level of lead concentration on vegetation and soil in the vandalisation areas (Picou, Marshall & Gill, 2004). Studies link the oil spills menace in Nigeria to pipeline vandalism, which take place through acts of sabotage (Piola & Johnston, 2008 – Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers; Port Metro Vancouver, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap; Rhoan, 2011). The sabotage refers to acts that interrupt the normal production and distribution of oil products. Presently, sabotage is the leading cause of oil spillage in the Niger Delta (Piola & Johnston, 2008 – Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers; Port Metro Vancouver, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap).
2.3 CAUSES OF PIPELINE VANDALISATION
The contributing factors to oil pipeline vandalisation in Niger Delta is linked to the long history of repression, neglect, marginalisation of the Delta region people by the previous governments (McKensie, Brooks & Johnston, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap). The repression, neglect, marginalisation of the Delta region people has led to lack of development, and hence spreading poverty and its consequences in the region (McKensie, Brooks & Johnston, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap; Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). The immediate contributing factor to the growing pipeline vandalisation is the overall discontent of the host communities (McKensie, Brooks & Johnston, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap). The discontent of the host communities has given vent to this unlawful method of their economic recovery (McKensie, Brooks & Johnston, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap). Also, the host communities are contracted to clear the pipeline way on a regular basis. Theoretically, a surveillance team as well as community leaders and police should guard the pipelines (McKensie, Brooks & Johnston, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap; Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). There is also regular aerial surveillance of the pipelines (McKensie, Brooks & Johnston, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap; Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). However, all these precautionary and security measures have not yielded substantial benefit to curb pipeline vandalisation (McKensie, Brooks & Johnston, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap; Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). In fact, the vandalisation has been a reoccurring in the oil rich Niger Delta despite the notable petroleum Act of 1969 and the Land Use Decree of 1978 (McKensie, Brooks & Johnston, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap; Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online; Floyd and Sule 1979). According to the people of Niger, the combined effect of these laws in Unitary Military Government was that the revenue from oil was used to develop other parts of the country (McKensie, Brooks & Johnston, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap; Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online), while the Niger Delta was neglected in terms of social services and facilities (Rhoan, 2011; Sabucedo, Arce, Ferraces, Merino &. Durán, 2009). Deprivation, unemployment and hunger were the consequences as the ecosystem, aquatic lives, and farmlands became destroyed due to oil exploration and production.
2.4 EFFECTS ON HUMAN HEALTH FROM VANDALISED PIPELINE OIL SPILLS
Oil pipeline vandalisation has caused fire disasters in the past with tragic consequences (McKensie, Brooks & Johnston, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap; Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). In the event of fire, many lives are lost in a sudden tragic, and in violent manner when fire is intentionally ignited (Ritchie, Gill & Picou, 2011). When pipelines are vandalised, oil spill and aquatic organisms become contaminated by poly-nuclear aromatic hydrocarbon (PNAS) (Ritchie, Gill & Picou, 2011). As many aquatic organisms such as oysters, crabs, lobsters, mussels and many types of finfish are part of man’s diet, their contamination pose a threat to human health. The following are harmful effects of oil spillage: death of fish barnacles, planktons, mussels, crabs, plants and animals in the estuarine sone; and rock weeds (Ritchie, Gill & Picou, 2011). In the coastal environment of the Niger Delta, large areas of mangrove ecosystem have been destroyed, oil settles in the beaches and also settles on the floor of the ocean sand which kills botanic organisms (Ritchie, Gill & Picou, 2011). The organisms that survive accumulate toxics in their tissues making them unfit for human consumption (Kedere, 2008 – Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers). The poisoning of algae further disrupt major food chains and eventually decrease the yield of edible fish. Additionally, oil endangers fish pond in coastal waters and contaminates the flesh of commercially valuable fish.
Additional research shows that the major oil spills heavily contaminate coastal shorelines, causing severe localised ecological damage to the near-shore community (EnviroEmerg Consulting, 2008 – Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers; MMK Consulting, 2007). Ever since, the Niger Delta has been suffering the negative environmental consequences of oil exploration and development (Etkin, 2004; Ministry of Justice, 2013). The growth of the region’s oil industry, combined with the Nigeria’s population explosion and a lack of enforcement of environmental regulations has led to substantial damage to the Niger Delta environment (Etkin, 2004; Ministry of Justice, 2013). Oil spills in the Niger Delta have been occurrence (Rodrígues-Trigo, Sock & Montes, 2007), and the resultant degradation of the surrounding environment has caused significant tension between the communities in the region and the oil companies operating there. In the past decade, the Federal Government, environmental groups (Herrington, Ball & O’Halloran, 2006 – Write a paper; Professional research paper writing service – Best essay writers), and the foreign oil companies operating in the Niger Delta region began to take steps to mitigate the impacts as the large area of the mangrove ecosystem had been destroyed (Kadafa, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap). In the past, the mangrove forest was a major source of wood for the local community in the Niger Delta but no longer in a healthy state to sustain the use (Etkin, 2004; Ministry of Justice, 2013; Kadafa, 2013).
Oil that is spilled in and not recovered will have an impact on the local environment (Klasema, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay), spreading over a wide area and affecting both terrestrial and marine resources. Inappropriate clean up actions make the situation worse (Rogers, Wickstrom, Liber & MacKinnon, 2002). The development of the region has led to the degradation of some sites reducing their value and use. In the past, spills have also necessitated the complete resettlement of some communities (Fowler, 2001). Loss of agricultural land, for example, translates into loss of livelihood for farmers while the psychological and social problems associated with displacements include loss of ancestral homes, familiar surroundings, religious and other cultural artefacts (Chapman, Purnell, Etkin, 2004; Ministry of Justice, 2013; Law & Kirby, 2007; Cheong, 2011).
2.5 MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES DUE TO PIPELINE VANDALISM
Several strategies have been taken by both governmental and non-governmental agencies to effectively manage oil spill incidents in the country (Sabucedo, Arce, Ferraces, Merino &. Durán, 2009; Ritchie, Gill & Picou, 2011). Some of these measures taken to control oil spill incidents comprise the setting up of the Niger Delta Development Commission to tackle ecological and environmental problems (Sabucedo, Arce, Ferraces, Merino &. Durán, 2009; Ritchie, Gill & Picou, 2011; Nossiter, 2008 – Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers). There have also been laws and regulations that had been introduced to control oil exploration and exploitation (Nyman, 2009), and the creation of environmental sensitivity index maps to help in decision making on protecting the coastal ecosystem (Ogwu, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap; Okoli, Chukwuma & Sunday, 2013).
2.5.1 The Niger-Delta Development Commission
The Federal Government of Nigeria as part of its efforts to protect the marine and coastal environment of the Niger Delta, passed into law the Niger Delta Development Commission (Okoli & Orinya, 2013). Essentially, in the Commission’s mandate to (i) tackle ecological and environmental problems that arise from the exploration of oil in the Niger-Delta area, and (ii) liaise with the various oil mineral and gas prospecting and producing companies on all matters of pollution prevention and control (Okoli & Orinya, 2013). The commission deals with issues pertaining to oil exploration and production and the NNDC act is a strategic way of dealing with all forms of pollution from these activities in the Niger Delta (Rodrígues-Trigo, Sock & Montes, 2007; Sabucedo, Arce, Ferraces, Merino &. Durán, 2009; Ritchie, Gill & Picou, 2011).
2.5.2 Laws and Regulations
Laws and Regulations are part of the means of managing the environment (Ritchie, Gill & Picou, 2011). In this view, Nigeria already has quite a number of laws that deal with oil activities and the environment preservation (Ritchie, Gill & Picou, 2011). Also, Nigeria signed international agreements relevant to the environment. Some of these laws, regulations and international agreements (Lawal & Ese, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap; McLinden, Fioletov, Broersma, Krotkov, Sioris, Veefkind et al., 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap). The notable laws, regulations and international agreements include: (i) Endangered Species Decree Cap 108 LFN 1990; (ii) Federal Environmental protection Agency Act Cap 131 LFN 1990 (iii) Harmful Waste Cap 165 LFN 1990; (iii) Petroleum (Drilling and Production) Regulations, 1969; (iv) Mineral Oil (Safety) Regulations, 1963. This regulation deals with safe discharge of inflammable gases and provides penalties for contravention and non-compliance (v) International Convention on the Establishment of an International Fund for Compensation for Oil Pollution Damage, 1971 (vi) Convention on the Prevention of Marine pollution Damage, 1972 (vii) African Convention on the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources, 1968 Petroleum Regulations 1967; and (viii) Oil in Navigable Waters Act 1968 (Baptiste, 2000; Barker, 2011; Barron, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap; Rogers, Wickstrom, Liber & MacKinnon, 2002).
Additionally, the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) decree No 86 of 1992 was promulgated to protect and sustain our ecosystem (Billah, 2011; Ritchie, Gill & Picou, 2011). The law makes the development of an EIA compulsory for any major project that may have adverse effects on the environment (Billah, 2011; Ritchie, Gill & Picou, 2011). The law sought to assess the likely or potential environmental impacts (Barron, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap), including their direct or indirect, cumulative, short term and long term effects, and to identify the measures available to mitigate adverse environmental impacts of proposed activities, and assessment of those measures (Billah, 2011; Ritchie, Gill & Picou, 2011).
2.5.3 Mapping of Environmental Sensitive Index
ESI system of mapping and symbology and suggested the categories that could be used for Nigerian shorelines (Bailey, 2013; Binet, Pfohl-Lesskowics, Brandt, Lafontaine, & Castegnaro, 2002). Over the years these shoreline categories have been fairly accepted. Although nuances exist between the versions of sensitivity maps dependent on the area of study and project objectives. In order to assist the decision-makers in choosing the areas of priority, coastal sensitivity maps of Nigeria including areas of ecological and socio-economic interest must be produced at small scales.
2.5.4 Relevant Government Agencies on Pollution
The Federal Ministry of the Environment is legally responsible of protecting and sustaining the Nigerian environment through the formulation and implementation of regulatory frameworks (Adejoh, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay; Castranova, 2011; Chandrasekar, Soria & Weaver, 2006 – Write a paper; Professional research paper writing service – Best essay writers). The National Policy on the Environment on the other hand, is one of the instruments developed by the Ministry to carry out its tasks (Aguilera, Méndes, Pásaro & Laffon, 2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer; Akpan, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay; British Columbia Government, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap; Brody, Di Bianca & Krysa, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap). The document describes guidelines and strategies for achieving the policy goal of sustainable development (Aguilera, Méndes, Pásaro & Laffon, 2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer; Akpan, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay; British Columbia Government, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap; Brody, Di Bianca & Krysa, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap).
Also, the Federal Government has recently set up a new commission, the Oil Detection and Response Commission to manage oil spill problems in the Nigerian Coastal and Inland waters (Alló & Loureiro, 2013; Boulton, 2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer). Other agencies that deal with pollution are the National Maritime Authority, which deals pollution in Nigeria’s maritime waters and the Department of Petroleum Resources, which is the environmental watch dog of the oil industry (Amnesty International, 2009; Baars, 2002). All these play one role or another in managing pollution although there appear to be e conflicts in roles and responsibilities (Baptiste, 2000; Barker, 2011; (Broström, Carrasco, Hole, Dick, Janssen, Mattsson et al., 2011).
2.6 METHODOLOGY
The purpose of this research is to look at the vandalization of oil pipeline and the effect on the marine environment of the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. In other to do that we have to gather information from people living in the Niger Delta, Government officials, community stake holders and corporate companies working in the oil and gas industry in Nigeria and specifically the Niger Delta region. To be able to get the required information for this research it was imperative to use the appropriate research methodologies to collect, collate and analyse our information.
Research methodology is a systematic way to solve a problem. It is a science of studying how research is to be carried out. Essentially, the procedures by which researchers go about their work of describing, explaining and predicting phenomena are called research methodology. It is also defined as the study of methods by which knowledge is gained. Its aim is to give the work plan of research (Rajasekar et al 2013). Therefore research methodology is a way researchers used to solve research problems.
2.6.1 Research Design
Descriptive survey design was the most appropriate in this research on vandalisation of oil pipeline and the effect on the marine environment (Creswell and Plano Clark, 2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer; Creswell, 2009). Descriptive survey using quantitative approach was the most suitable design in this research because the approach used statistical tools for inference analysis, which could not be undertaken in a qualitative research (Denzin and Lincoln, 2006 – Write a paper; Professional research paper writing service – Best essay writers). Moreover, the approached used enabled the collection of views of many respondents within a relatively shorter time compared to other methods like qualitative research (Cooper and Schindler, 2006 – Write a paper; Professional research paper writing service – Best essay writers).
2.6.2 Participants and Sampling
Research participants in this research include managers and employees working in SHELL, MOBIL, Chevron, Nigeria Nigeria petroleum corporation (NNPC) and the Niger Delta Development Commission. Sample size used in the research was 40. The researcher derived 8 respondents from each of the 5 corporations. Simple random sampling was used in selection the respondents from a list of 30 potential respondents provided by managers of the corporation’s (McNeill and Chapman, 2005). The reason for the choice of the sampling technique was to ensure that the data gathered was representative of the opinions and views of the sample population as much as possible since in simple random sampling every element has equal probability (Kothari, 2008 – Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers). After seeking consent of managers SHELL, MOBIL, Chevron, Nigeria Nigeria Petroleum Corporation and the Niger Delta Development Commission, they were requested to provide a list of 30 managers and employees of the corporations from which 8 respondent would be identified. The names provided were alphabetically before numbering them from 1-30 before using stat Trek random number generator to generate 8 numbers. Get research paper samples and course-specific study resources under   homework for you course hero writing service – Manage rs and employees whose assigned numbers were the same as those of the random numbers were selected to participated on this research (Stat Trek, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). The process was repeated until 8 respondents from each corporation was identifies leading to a total of 40 participants. The researcher sought the consent of the respondents before emailing to them the closed ended questionnaire for them to fill.
2.6.3 Data Collection Method
The researcher used closed ended questionnaire designed in accordance to 5 likert scale to collect views of the respondents. Closed ended questionnaire was quite convenient as an instrument to use in the data collection in this study since respondents could fill the questionnaires in the absence of the researcher. Hence, the most suitable data collection method/instrument used in collecting primary data in this study was closed-ended questionnaires (McBurney and White, 2009). The researcher designed the questionnaires in accordance with the research question and objectives following the 5-likert scale.
2.6.4 Data Analysis
Chi-square test and descriptive statistical analysis was used for data analysis, results were presented in form of tables and graphs.
2.6.5 Ethical Consideration
It was important to uphold research ethics throughout the research process in order to respect the rights of all stakeholders. (Denzin and Lincoln, 2006 – Write a paper; Professional research paper writing service – Best essay writers). It was important to ensure that research was not harmful in any way. In addition, the researcher explained to the institutions and respondents that participated in this research the purpose of the research before requesting their consent. Anonymity was critical and respondents were assured of their anonymity. No personal information that could lead to the identification of the respondents was allowed in the questionnaire (Fowler, 2001). The respondents were also informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any stage of without reprisal whatsoever.
2.7 Conclusion
The literature review showed that oil spillage from vandalisation of pipeline constitute serious effects to soil, water and air in the Niger Delta region. The contributing factors to oil pipeline vandalisation in Niger Delta is linked to the long history of repression, neglect, marginalization of the Delta region people by successive governments. In response to this, several strategies have been taken by both governmental and non-governmental agencies to effectively manage oil spill incidents arising from pipeline vandalisation. Oil exploration in Nigeria has had sever environmental and human consequences for the indigenous people who inhabit the area surrounding oil extractions. The social and environmental cost of oil production has been extensive. They include destruction of wildlife and biodiversity, loss of fertile soil. Pollution of air and drinking water, degradation of farmland and damage to aquatic ecosystem, all of which have caused serious health problems for the inhabitants of the area surrounding oil production. Given the strategic importance of the Niger Delta Area in the socio-economic development of Nigeria, environmental sustainability in this area need be viewed with urgency it deserves. Adequate efforts should be made to attend to her environmental problems. Comprehensive environmental plans that will ensure sustainability of development efforts should be put in place. More importantly, effective implementation of these plans must be practiced. Descriptive survey was used in the research where closed ended questionnaire was used to collect data from 40 respondents. Quantitative data collected in the study was analyzed using chi-square test and descriptive statistical analysis.
CHAPTER 3 – OIL PIPELINE VANDALIZATION
3.1 INTRODUCTION:
The purpose of the current chapter is to highlight findings on oil pipeline vandalization and well to present demographic analysis. Descriptive statistical analysis played a significant role in the analysis of various variables of oil pipeline vandalization. Chi-square was also used in the analysis of relationship existing between different variables.
3.2 DEMOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS
Table 3.1 and Figure 3.1 (Age) show that 10% of the respondents were aged less than 18-24 years, 35% were aged 25-34 years, 22.5% were aged 35-44 years, 22.5% were aged 45-54 years and 10% were aged over 55 years.
Table 3.1: Age
Age
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid 18 – 24 years 4 10.0 10.0 10.0
25 – 34 years 14 35.0 35.0 45.0
35 – 44 years 9 22.5 22.5 67.5
45 – 54 years 9 22.5 22.5 90.0
Over 55 years 4 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 3.1: Age

Table 3.2 and Figure 3.2 (Education level) show that 2.5% of the respondents had O/A level, 5% had diploma, 25% had bachelor’s degree, 42% had master’s degree and 25% had doctorate degree.
Table 3.2: Education Level
Education Level
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid O/A – Level 1 2.5 2.5 2.5
Diploma 2 5.0 5.0 7.5
Bachelor’s degree 10 25.0 25.0 32.5
Master’s degree 17 42.5 42.5 75.0
Doctorate degree 10 25.0 25.0 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 3.2: Education Level

Table 3.3 and Figure 3.3 (Gender) show that 75% of the respondents were male while female comprised 25%.
Table 3.3: Gender
Gender
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Male 30 75.0 75.0 75.0
Female 10 25.0 25.0 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 3.3: Gender

Table 3.4 and Figure 3.4 (Work Designation) show that 37% of the respondents were senior managers, 30% were assistant managers, 7.5% were general managers, 17.5% were supervisors and 7.5% were holding non-managerial positions.
Table 3.4: Work Designation
Work Designation
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Senior Get research paper samples and course-specific study resources under   homework for you course hero writing service – Manage r 15 37.5 37.5 37.5
Assistant Get research paper samples and course-specific study resources under   homework for you course hero writing service – Manage r 12 30.0 30.0 67.5
General Get research paper samples and course-specific study resources under   homework for you course hero writing service – Manage r 3 7.5 7.5 75.0
Supervisor 7 17.5 17.5 92.5
Non-managerial Employee 3 7.5 7.5 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 3.4: Work Designation

Table 3.5 and Figure 3.5 (Conversance with the Subject of the Study) show that 2.5% of the respondent strongly disagreed that they were familiar with the subject of the study, 2.5% disagreed, 2.5% neither agreed nor disagreed and 92.5% strongly agreed.
Table 3.5: Conversance with the Subject of the Study
Do you regard yourself as being familiar with the subject of Vandalisation of oil Pipeline and the Effect on the Marine Environment, A Case Study of Nigeria Niger Delta?
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 1 2.5 2.5 2.5
Disagree 1 2.5 2.5 5.0
Neither agree nor disagree 1 2.5 2.5 7.5
Strongly Agree 37 92.5 92.5 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 3.5: Conversance with the Subject of the Study

3.3 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
Table 3.6 and Figure 3.6 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Pipeline vandalization is a serious issue in the Niger Delta.” From the table 2.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 2.5% disagreed, 7.5% neither agreed nor disagreed, 7.5% agreed and 80% strongly agreed.
Table 3.6: Pipeline vandalization is a serious issue in the Niger Delta
Pipeline vandalization is a serious issue in the Niger Delta
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 1 2.5 2.5 2.5
Disagree 1 2.5 2.5 5.0
Neither agree nor disagree 3 7.5 7.5 12.5
Agree 3 7.5 7.5 20.0
Strongly Agree 32 80.0 80.0 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 3.6: Pipeline vandalization is a serious issue in the Niger Delta

Table 3.7 and Figure 3.7 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “The frequency of attacks on oil and gas pipeline has continuously increased over the years.” From the table 7.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 2.5% disagreed, 10% neither agreed nor disagreed, 20% agreed and 60% strongly agreed.
Table 3.7: The frequency of attacks on oil and gas pipeline has continuously increased over the years
The frequency of attacks on oil and gas pipeline have continuously increased over the years
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 3 7.5 7.5 7.5
Disagree 1 2.5 2.5 10.0
Neither agree nor disagree 4 10.0 10.0 20.0
Agree 8 20.0 20.0 40.0
Strongly Agree 24 60.0 60.0 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 3.7: The frequency of attacks on oil and gas pipeline have continuously increased over the years

Table 3.8 and Figure 3.8 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Pipeline vandalization leads to reduced revenue collection.” From the table 5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 7.5% disagreed, 10% neither agreed nor disagreed, 5% agreed and 72.5% strongly agreed.
Table 3.8: Pipeline vandalization leads to reduced revenue collection
Pipeline vandalization leads to reduced revenue collection
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 2 5.0 5.0 5.0
Disagree 3 7.5 7.5 12.5
Neither agree nor disagree 4 10.0 10.0 22.5
Agree 2 5.0 5.0 27.5
Strongly Agree 29 72.5 72.5 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 3.8: Pipeline vandalization leads to reduced revenue collection

Table 3.9 and Figure 3.9 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Pipeline vandalization leads to high maintenance and security costs.” From the table 2.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 5% disagreed, 5% neither agreed nor disagreed, 32.5% agreed and 55% strongly agreed.
Table 3.9: Pipeline vandalization leads to high maintenance and security costs
Pipeline vandalization leads to high maintenance and security costs
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 1 2.5 2.5 2.5
Disagree 2 5.0 5.0 7.5
Neither agree nor disagree 2 5.0 5.0 12.5
Agree 13 32.5 32.5 45.0
Strongly Agree 22 55.0 55.0 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 3.9: Pipeline vandalization leads to high maintenance and security costs

Table 3.10 and Figure 3.10 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Illegal trade on oil and its product is one of the causes of pipeline vandalization.” From the table 7.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 7.5% disagreed, 5% neither agreed nor disagreed, 25% agreed and 55% strongly agreed.
Table 3.10: Illegal trade on oil and its product is one of the causes of pipeline vandalization
Illegal trade on oil and its product is one of the causes of pipeline vandalization
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 3 7.5 7.5 7.5
Disagree 3 7.5 7.5 15.0
Neither agree nor disagree 2 5.0 5.0 20.0
Agree 10 25.0 25.0 45.0
Strongly Agree 22 55.0 55.0 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 3.10: Illegal trade on oil and its product is one of the causes of pipeline vandalization

Table 3.11 and Figure 3.11 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “State of poverty among local communities in Niger Delta lead to pipeline vandalization.” From the table 2.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 10% disagreed, 7.5% neither agreed nor disagreed, 17.5% agreed and 62.5% strongly agreed.
Table 3.11: State of poverty among local communities in Niger Delta lead to pipeline vandalization
State of poverty among local communities in Niger Delta lead to pipeline vandalization
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 1 2.5 2.5 2.5
Disagree 4 10.0 10.0 12.5
Neither agree nor disagree 3 7.5 7.5 20.0
Agree 7 17.5 17.5 37.5
Strongly Agree 25 62.5 62.5 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 3.11: State of poverty among local communities in Niger Delta lead to pipeline vandalization

Table 3.12 and Figure 3.12 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Failed expectations among the Niger Delta constituency are a possible cause of pipeline vandalization in the region.” From the table 5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 5% disagreed, 10% neither agreed nor disagreed, 17.5% agreed and 62.5% strongly agreed.
Table 3.12: Failed expectations among the Niger Delta constituency is a possible cause of pipeline vandalization in the region
Failed expectations among the Niger Delta constituency is a possible cause of pipeline vandalization in the region
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 2 5.0 5.0 5.0
Disagree 2 5.0 5.0 10.0
Neither agree nor disagree 4 10.0 10.0 20.0
Agree 7 17.5 17.5 37.5
Strongly Agree 25 62.5 62.5 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 3.12: Failed expectations among the Niger Delta constituency is a possible cause of pipeline vandalization in the region

Table 3.13 and Figure 3.13 the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Non-incorporation of local communities in decision-making and management of oil resource in Niger Delta is possible cause of pipeline vandalization.” From the table 2.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 2.5% disagreed, 2.5% neither agreed nor disagreed, 30% agreed and 62.5% strongly agreed.
Table 3.13: Non-incorporation of local communities in decision-making and management of oil resource in Niger Delta is possible cause of pipeline vandalization
Non-incorporation of local communities in decision-making and management of oil resource in Niger Delta is possible cause of pipeline vandalization
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 1 2.5 2.5 2.5
Disagree 1 2.5 2.5 5.0
Neither agree nor disagree 1 2.5 2.5 7.5
Agree 12 30.0 30.0 37.5
Strongly Agree 25 62.5 62.5 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 3.13: Non-incorporation of local communities in decision-making and management of oil resource in Niger Delta is possible cause of pipeline vandalization

3.4 CHI-SQUARE TESTS
3.4.1 Test 1
In order to establish the relationship between Pipeline vandalization and revenue collection, the researcher conducted a chi-square test for equal proportion and indicated in Table 3.14 (Pipeline vandalization and revenue collection) and Table 3.15 (Chi-Square Tests) below.
Table 3.14: Pipeline vandalization and revenue collection
Pipeline vandalization is a serious issue in the Niger Delta * Pipeline vandalization leads to reduced revenue collection Crosstabulation
Pipeline vandalization leads to reduced revenue collection Total
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly Agree
Pipeline vandalization is a serious issue in the Niger Delta Strongly disagree Count 0 0 0 0 1 1
% of Total 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 2.5%
Disagree Count 0 0 0 0 1 1
% of Total 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 2.5%
Neither agree nor disagree Count 1 1 0 0 1 3
% of Total 2.5% 2.5% 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 7.5%
Agree Count 0 0 0 2 1 3
% of Total 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 5.0% 2.5% 7.5%
Strongly Agree Count 1 2 4 0 25 32
% of Total 2.5% 5.0% 10.0% 0.0% 62.5% 80.0%
Total Count 2 3 4 2 29 40
% of Total 5.0% 7.5% 10.0% 5.0% 72.5% 100.0%

Table 3.15 indicates a p value of 0.003, which is less than 0.05. Since p value is less than 0.05, it implies that there is a significant relationship between Pipeline vandalization and revenue collection. Table 3.14 shows that more than 77% of the respondents who agreed with the statement “Pipeline vandalization is a serious issue in the Niger Delta” also agreed, “Pipeline vandalization leads to reduced revenue collection.”
Table 3.15: Chi-Square Tests
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 35.687a 16 .003
Likelihood Ratio 19.169 16 .260
Linear-by-Linear Association .534 1 .465
N of Valid Cases 40
a. 24 cells (96.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .05.

3.4.2 Test 2
In order to establish the relationship between Pipeline vandalization and illegal trade on oil and its product, the researcher conducted a chi-square test for equal proportion and indicated in Table 3.16 (Chi-Square Tests) and Table 3.17 (Pipeline vandalization and illegal trade on oil and its product) below.
Table 3.16: Chi-Square Tests
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 34.160a 16 .005
Likelihood Ratio 23.216 16 .108
Linear-by-Linear Association .019 1 .891
N of Valid Cases 40
a. 23 cells (92.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .05.

Table 3.16 indicates a p value of 0.005, which is less than 0.05. Since p value is less than 0.05, it implies that there is a significant relationship between Pipeline vandalization and illegal trade on oil and its product. Table 3.17 shows that more than 80% of the respondents who agreed with the statement “Pipeline vandalization is a serious issue in the Niger Delta” also agreed “Illegal trade on oil and its product is one of the causes of pipeline vandalization.”
Table 3.17: Pipeline vandalization and illegal trade on oil and its product
Pipeline vandalization is a serious issue in the Niger Delta * Illegal trade on oil and its product is one of the causes of pipeline vandalization Crosstabulation
Illegal trade on oil and its product is one of the causes of pipeline vandalization Total
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly Agree
Pipeline vandalization is a serious issue in the Niger Delta Strongly disagree Count 0 0 0 0 1 1
% of Total 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 2.5%
Disagree Count 0 1 0 0 0 1
% of Total 0.0% 2.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.5%
Neither agree nor disagree Count 0 0 0 0 3 3
% of Total 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 7.5% 7.5%
Agree Count 0 2 0 0 1 3
% of Total 0.0% 5.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 7.5%
Strongly Agree Count 3 0 2 10 17 32
% of Total 7.5% 0.0% 5.0% 25.0% 42.5% 80.0%
Total Count 3 3 2 10 22 40
% of Total 7.5% 7.5% 5.0% 25.0% 55.0% 100.0%

3.5 SUMMARY
The findings indicate that majority of the respondents that participated in this research were aged over 25 years. In addition, most of the respondents were male who were holding managerial positions in the five companies. Analysis of the respondents on oil pipeline vandalization indicate that majority of the respondents agreed that pipeline vandalization is a serious issue in the Niger Delta. Pipeline vandalization leads to high maintenance and security costs. Besides, the participants indicated that illegal trade on oil and its product is one of the causes of pipeline vandalization. In general, majority of the respondents agreed with all the statements on the subject of oil pipeline vandalization as presented in the questionnaire.
CHAPTER 4 – IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
4.1 INTRODUCTION
Various impacts of oil spills on the marine environment was investigated in this chapter. Quantitative statistical tools such as descriptive statistical analysis and chi-square test played a significant role in this research with respect to data analysis. The researcher aimed to gather views and opinions of managers and employees working in SHELL, MOBIL, Chevron, Nigeria Nigeria Petroleum Corporation and the Niger Delta Development Commission on the impact of oil spills on marine environment and the findings were included in this chapter inform of table and graphs. After analysing the data, the researcher proceeded to interpret the results accordingly.
4.2 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
Table 4.1 and Figure 4.1 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Oil pipeline vanadalization has numerous devastating impacts.” From the table 7.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 12.5% disagreed, 12.5% neither agreed nor disagreed, 32.5% agreed and 35% strongly agreed.
Table 4.1: Oil pipeline vanadalization has numerous devastating impacts
Oil pipeline vanadalization has numerous devastating impact
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 3 7.5 7.5 7.5
Disagree 5 12.5 12.5 20.0
Neither agree nor disagree 5 12.5 12.5 32.5
Agree 13 32.5 32.5 65.0
Strongly Agree 14 35.0 35.0 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 4.1: Oil pipeline vanadalization has numerous devastating impact

Table 4.2 and Figure 4.2 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Oil pipeline vanadalization causes serious environment degradation through pollution.” From the table 5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 12.5% disagreed, 10% neither agreed nor disagreed, 27.5% agreed and 45% strongly agreed.
Table 4.2: Oil pipeline vanadalization causes serious environment degradation through pollution
Oil pipeline vanadalization causes serious environment degradation through pollution
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 2 5.0 5.0 5.0
Disagree 5 12.5 12.5 17.5
Neither agree nor disagree 4 10.0 10.0 27.5
Agree 11 27.5 27.5 55.0
Strongly Agree 18 45.0 45.0 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 4.2: Oil pipeline vanadalization causes serious environment degradation through pollution

Table 4.3 and Figure 4.3 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Oil spills endanger existence of biodiversity.” From the table 2.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 12.5% disagreed, 12.5% neither agreed nor disagreed, 35% agreed and 37.5% strongly agreed.
Table 4.3: Oil spills endanger existence of biodiversity
Oil spills endanger existence of biodiversity
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 1 2.5 2.5 2.5
Disagree 5 12.5 12.5 15.0
Neither agree nor disagree 5 12.5 12.5 27.5
Agree 14 35.0 35.0 62.5
Strongly Agree 15 37.5 37.5 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 4.3: Oil spills endanger existence of biodiversity

Table 4.4 and Figure 4.4 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Oil pipeline vanadalization can cause fire leading to loss of life, property and habitat.” From the table 7.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 10% disagreed, 5% neither agreed nor disagreed, 30% agreed and 47.5% strongly agreed.
Table 4.4: Oil pipeline vanadalization can cause fire leading to loss of life, property and habitat
Oil pipeline vanadalization can cause fire leading to loss of life, property and habitat
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 3 7.5 7.5 7.5
Disagree 4 10.0 10.0 17.5
Neither agree nor disagree 2 5.0 5.0 22.5
Agree 12 30.0 30.0 52.5
Strongly Agree 19 47.5 47.5 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 4.4: Oil pipeline vanadalization can cause fire leading to loss of life, property and habitat

Table 4.5 and Figure 4.5 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Oil spills threatens the livelihood of Niger Delta local communities who depend are farming and fishing activities.” From the table 12.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 5% disagreed, 7.5% neither agreed nor disagreed, 25% agreed and 50% strongly agreed.
Table 4.5: Oil spills threatens the livelihood of Niger Delta local communities who depend are farming and fishing activities
Oil spills threatens the livelihood of Niger Delta local communities who depend are farming and fishing activities
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 5 12.5 12.5 12.5
Disagree 2 5.0 5.0 17.5
Neither agree nor disagree 3 7.5 7.5 25.0
Agree 10 25.0 25.0 50.0
Strongly Agree 20 50.0 50.0 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 4.5: Oil spills threatens the livelihood of Niger Delta local communities who depend are farming and fishing activities

Table 4.6 and Figure 4.6 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Oil spills make fertile farms barren thereby reducing arable farms.” From the table 2.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 7.5% disagreed, 5% neither agreed nor disagreed, 45% agreed and 40% strongly agreed.
Table 4.6: Oil spills make fertile farms barren thereby reducing arable farms
Oil spills make fertile farms barren thereby reducing arable farms
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 1 2.5 2.5 2.5
Disagree 3 7.5 7.5 10.0
Neither agree nor disagree 2 5.0 5.0 15.0
Agree 18 45.0 45.0 60.0
Strongly Agree 16 40.0 40.0 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 4.6: Oil spills make fertile farms barren thereby reducing arable farms

Table 4.7 and Figure 4.7 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Oil spills destroy aquatic wildlife thereby threatening fishing activities.” From the table 10% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 15% disagreed, 7.5% neither agreed nor disagreed, 30% agreed and 37.5% strongly agreed.
Table 4.7: Oil spills destroy aquatic wildlife thereby threatening fishing activities
Oil spills destroy aquatic wildlife thereby threatening fishing activities
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 4 10.0 10.0 10.0
Disagree 6 15.0 15.0 25.0
Neither agree nor disagree 3 7.5 7.5 32.5
Agree 12 30.0 30.0 62.5
Strongly Agree 15 37.5 37.5 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 4.7: Oil spills destroy aquatic wildlife thereby threatening fishing activities

Table 4.8 and Figure 4.8 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Oil spills interfere with tourism activities along Niger Delta coast.” From the table 5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 5% disagreed, 7.5% neither agreed nor disagreed, 27.5% agreed and 55% strongly agreed.
Table 4.8: Oil spills interfere with tourism activities along Niger Delta coast
Oil spills interfere with tourism activities along Niger Delta coast
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 2 5.0 5.0 5.0
Disagree 2 5.0 5.0 10.0
Neither agree nor disagree 3 7.5 7.5 17.5
Agree 11 27.5 27.5 45.0
Strongly Agree 22 55.0 55.0 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 4.8: Oil spills interfere with tourism activities along Niger Delta coast

Table 4.9 and Figure 4.9 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Oil spills upset ecological balance in the marine environment.” From the table 2.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 7.5% disagreed, 7.5% neither agreed nor disagreed, 47.5% agreed and 35% strongly agreed.
Table 4.9: Oil spills upset ecological balance in the marine environment
Oil spills upset ecological balance in the marine environment
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 1 2.5 2.5 2.5
Disagree 3 7.5 7.5 10.0
Neither agree nor disagree 3 7.5 7.5 17.5
Agree 19 47.5 47.5 65.0
Strongly Agree 14 35.0 35.0 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 4.9: Oil spills upset ecological balance in the marine environment

Table 4.10 and Figure 4.10 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Oil spills have harmful health effects.” From the table 2.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 12.5% disagreed, 17.5% neither agreed nor disagreed, 35% agreed and 32.5% strongly agreed.
Table 4.10: Oil spills has harmful health effects
Oil spills has harmful health effects
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 1 2.5 2.5 2.5
Disagree 5 12.5 12.5 15.0
Neither agree nor disagree 7 17.5 17.5 32.5
Agree 14 35.0 35.0 67.5
Strongly Agree 13 32.5 32.5 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 4.10: Oil spills has harmful health effects

4.3 CHI-SQUARE TESTS
4.3.1 Test 1
In order to establish the relationship between Impact of oil pipeline vanadalization and environment degradation, the researcher conducted a chi-square test for equal proportion and indicated in Table 4.11 (Impact of oil pipeline vanadalization and environment degradation) and Table 4.12 (Chi-Square Tests) below.
Table 4.11: Impact of oil pipeline vanadalization and environment degradation
Oil pipeline vanadalization has numerous devastating impact * Oil pipeline vanadalization causes serious environment degradation through pollution Crosstabulation
Oil pipeline vanadalization causes serious environment degradation through pollution Total
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly Agree
Oil pipeline vanadalization has numerous devastating impact Strongly disagree Count 1 0 0 0 2 3
% of Total 2.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 5.0% 7.5%
Disagree Count 0 1 0 0 4 5
% of Total 0.0% 2.5% 0.0% 0.0% 10.0% 12.5%
Neither agree nor disagree Count 0 0 0 5 0 5
% of Total 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 12.5% 0.0% 12.5%
Agree Count 0 3 0 6 4 13
% of Total 0.0% 7.5% 0.0% 15.0% 10.0% 32.5%
Strongly Agree Count 1 1 4 0 8 14
% of Total 2.5% 2.5% 10.0% 0.0% 20.0% 35.0%
Total Count 2 5 4 11 18 40
% of Total 5.0% 12.5% 10.0% 27.5% 45.0% 100.0%

Table 4.12 indicates a p value of 0.001, which is less than 0.05. Since p value is less than 0.05, it implies that there is a significant relationship between Impact of oil pipeline vanadalization and environment degradation. Table 4.11 shows that more than 67% of the respondents who agreed with the statement “Oil pipeline vanadalization has numerous devastating impact” also agreed, “Oil pipeline vanadalization causes serious environment degradation through pollution.”
Table 4.12: Chi-Square Tests
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 38.453a 16 .001
Likelihood Ratio 42.485 16 .000
Linear-by-Linear Association .064 1 .800
N of Valid Cases 40
a. 23 cells (92.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .15.

4.3.2 Test 2
In order to establish the relationship between Impact of oil pipeline vanadalization and danger of oil spills on biodiversity, the researcher conducted a chi-square test for equal proportion and indicated in Table 4.13 (Chi-Square Tests) and Table 4.14 (Impact of oil pipeline vanadalization and danger of oil spills on biodiversity) below.
Table 4.13: Chi-Square Tests
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 30.704a 16 .015
Likelihood Ratio 21.529 16 .159
Linear-by-Linear Association 4.194 1 .041
N of Valid Cases 40
a. 24 cells (96.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .08.
Table 4.13 indicates a p value of 0.015, which is less than 0.05. Since p value is less than 0.05, it implies that there is a significant relationship between Impact of oil pipeline vanadalization and danger of oil spills on biodiversity. Table 4.14 shows that more than 67% of the respondents who agreed with the statement “Oil pipeline vanadalization has numerous devastating impact” also agreed, “Oil spills endanger existence of biodiversity.”
Table 4.14: Impact of oil pipeline vanadalization and danger of oil spills on biodiversity
Oil pipeline vanadalization has numerous devastating impact * Oil spills endanger existence of biodiversity Crosstabulation
Oil spills endanger existence of biodiversity Total
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly Agree
Oil pipeline vanadalization has numerous devastating impact Strongly disagree Count 1 1 0 0 1 3
% of Total 2.5% 2.5% 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 7.5%
Disagree Count 0 1 0 2 2 5
% of Total 0.0% 2.5% 0.0% 5.0% 5.0% 12.5%
Neither agree nor disagree Count 0 0 3 1 1 5
% of Total 0.0% 0.0% 7.5% 2.5% 2.5% 12.5%
Agree Count 0 2 1 7 3 13
% of Total 0.0% 5.0% 2.5% 17.5% 7.5% 32.5%
Strongly Agree Count 0 1 1 4 8 14
% of Total 0.0% 2.5% 2.5% 10.0% 20.0% 35.0%
Total Count 1 5 5 14 15 40
% of Total 2.5% 12.5% 12.5% 35.0% 37.5% 100.0%

4.3.3 Test 3
In order to establish the relationship between Impact of oil pipeline vanadalization and threatens to livelihood of Niger Delta local communities, the researcher conducted a chi-square test for equal proportion and indicated in Table 4.15 (Impact of oil pipeline vanadalization and threatens to livelihood of Niger Delta local communities) and Table 4.16 (Chi-Square Tests) below.
Table 4.15: Impact of oil pipeline vanadalization and threatens to livelihood of Niger Delta local communities
Oil pipeline vanadalization has numerous devastating impact * Oil spills threatens the livelihood of Niger Delta local communities who depend are farming and fishing activities Crosstabulation
Oil spills threatens the livelihood of Niger Delta local communities who depend are farming and fishing activities Total
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly Agree
Oil pipeline vanadalization has numerous devastating impact Strongly disagree Count 3 0 0 0 0 3
% of Total 7.5% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 7.5%
Disagree Count 0 1 0 1 3 5
% of Total 0.0% 2.5% 0.0% 2.5% 7.5% 12.5%
Neither agree nor disagree Count 1 0 1 2 1 5
% of Total 2.5% 0.0% 2.5% 5.0% 2.5% 12.5%
Agree Count 0 0 1 6 6 13
% of Total 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 15.0% 15.0% 32.5%
Strongly Agree Count 1 1 1 1 10 14
% of Total 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 25.0% 35.0%
Total Count 5 2 3 10 20 40
% of Total 12.5% 5.0% 7.5% 25.0% 50.0% 100.0%

Table 4.16 indicates a p value of 0.003, which is less than 0.05. Since p value is less than 0.05, it implies that there is a significant relationship between Impact of oil pipeline vanadalization and threatens to livelihood of Niger Delta local communities. Table 4.15 shows that more than 67% of the respondents who agreed with the statement “Oil pipeline vanadalization has numerous devastating impact” also agreed, “Oil spills threatens the livelihood of Niger Delta local communities who depend are farming and fishing activities.”

Table 4.16: Chi-Square Tests
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 35.432a 16 .003
Likelihood Ratio 29.418 16 .021
Linear-by-Linear Association 8.029 1 .005
N of Valid Cases 40
a. 23 cells (92.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .15.

4.4 SUMMARY
Investigation of opinions and views of respondents on impact of oil spills on marine environment was key to achieving the objectives of this research. Majority of the respondents agreed that oil pipeline vanadalization has numerous devastating impacts. For instance, the research ascertained that iil pipeline vanadalization causes serious environment degradation through pollution; oil spills endanger existence of biodiversity; oil pipeline vanadalization can cause fire leading to loss of life, property and habitat and that oil spills threatens the livelihood of Niger Delta local communities who depend are farming and fishing activities among others.
CHAPTER 5 – OIL PIPELINE DAMAGE AND VANDALISM SOLUTIONS
5.1 INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this was to highlight analysis of responses on oil pipeline damage and vandalism solutions. In order to realize the purpose of the chapter quantitative statistical tools such as descriptive statistical analysis and chi-square test were employed in accordance with the research design to analyze quantitative data gathered in this research. Research participants whose opinions and views on oil pipeline damage and vandalism solution are analyzed in this chapter include managers and employees working in SHELL, MOBIL, Chevron, Nigeria Nigeria Petroleum Corporation and the Niger Delta Development Commission. Also included in this is interpretation of results which successively followed data analysis..
5.2 DESCRIPTIVE ANALYSIS
Table 5.1 and Figure 5.1 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “The government has an important role to play in preventing vandalization.” From the table 7.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 7.5% disagreed, 10% neither agreed nor disagreed, 30% agreed and 45% strongly agreed.
Table 5.1: The government has an important role to play in preventing vandalization
The government has an important role to play in preventing vandalization
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 3 7.5 7.5 7.5
Disagree 3 7.5 7.5 15.0
Neither agree nor disagree 4 10.0 10.0 25.0
Agree 12 30.0 30.0 55.0
Strongly Agree 18 45.0 45.0 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 5.1: The government has an important role to play in preventing vandalization

Table 5.2 and Figure 5.2 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “There should be frequent checks for pipeline integrity in Niger Delta to prevent pipeline vandalization.” From the table 5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 17.5% disagreed, 12.5% neither agreed nor disagreed, 27.5% agreed and 37.5% strongly agreed.
Table 5.2: There should be frequent checks for pipeline integrity in Niger Delta to prevent pipeline vandalization
There should be frequent checks for pipeline integrity in Niger Delta to prevent pipeline vandalization
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 2 5.0 5.0 5.0
Disagree 7 17.5 17.5 22.5
Neither agree nor disagree 5 12.5 12.5 35.0
Agree 11 27.5 27.5 62.5
Strongly Agree 15 37.5 37.5 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 5.2: There should be frequent checks for pipeline integrity in Niger Delta to prevent pipeline vandalization

Table 5.3 and Figure 5.3 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Improve surveillance using modern methods is crucial for prevention of pipeline vandalization.” From the table 15% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 7.5% disagreed, 10% neither agreed nor disagreed, 27.5% agreed and 40% strongly agreed.
Table 5.3: Improve surveillance using modern methods is crucial for prevention of pipeline vandalization
Improve surveillance using modern methods is crucial for prevention of pipeline vandalization
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 6 15.0 15.0 15.0
Disagree 3 7.5 7.5 22.5
Neither agree nor disagree 4 10.0 10.0 32.5
Agree 11 27.5 27.5 60.0
Strongly Agree 16 40.0 40.0 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 5.3: Improve surveillance using modern methods is crucial for prevention of pipeline vandalization

Table 5.4 and Figure 5.4 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Use of Satellite/Aerial monitoring of pipeline installation has the potential to control and prevent pipeline vandalization.” From the table 7.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 7.5% disagreed, 2.5% neither agreed nor disagreed, 30% agreed and 52.5% strongly agreed.
Table 5.4: Use of Satellite/Aerial monitoring of pipeline installation has the potential to control and prevent pipeline vandalization
Use of Satellite/Aerial monitoring of pipeline installation has the potential to control and prevent pipeline vandalization
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 3 7.5 7.5 7.5
Disagree 3 7.5 7.5 15.0
Neither agree nor disagree 1 2.5 2.5 17.5
Agree 12 30.0 30.0 47.5
Strongly Agree 21 52.5 52.5 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 5.4: Use of Satellite/Aerial monitoring of pipeline installation has the potential to control and prevent pipeline vandalization

Table 5.5 and Figure 5.5 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Quick response to oil spillage and pipeline vandalization using Geographic Information System can prevent dangers of oil spills.” From the table 5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 5% disagreed, 10% neither agreed nor disagreed, 45% agreed and 35% strongly agreed.
Table 5.5: Quick response to oil spillage and pipeline vandalization using Geographic Information System can prevent dangers of oil spills
Quick response to oil spillage and pipeline vandalization using Geographic Information System can prevent dangers of oil spills
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 2 5.0 5.0 5.0
Disagree 2 5.0 5.0 10.0
Neither agree nor disagree 4 10.0 10.0 20.0
Agree 18 45.0 45.0 65.0
Strongly Agree 14 35.0 35.0 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 5.5: Quick response to oil spillage and pipeline vandalization using Geographic Information System can prevent dangers of oil spills

Table 5.6 and Figure 5.6 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Effective Tracking Oil bunkering by Naval Force at sea can stop illegal trade on oil products thereby reducing cases of pipeline vandalization.” From the table 7.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 15% disagreed, 7.5% neither agreed nor disagreed, 37.5% agreed and 32.5% strongly agreed.
Table 5.6: Effective Tracking Oil bunkering by Naval Force at sea can stop illegal trade on oil products thereby reducing cases of pipeline vandalization
Effective Tracking Oil bunkering by Naval Force at sea can stop illegal trade on oil products thereby reducing cases of pipeline vandalization
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 3 7.5 7.5 7.5
Disagree 6 15.0 15.0 22.5
Neither agree nor disagree 3 7.5 7.5 30.0
Agree 15 37.5 37.5 67.5
Strongly Agree 13 32.5 32.5 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 5.6: Effective Tracking Oil bunkering by Naval Force at sea can stop illegal trade on oil products thereby reducing cases of pipeline vandalization

Table 5.7 and Figure 5.7 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “Capacity building among the local community to address unemployment and restiveness is key to addressing pipeline vandalization.” From the table 2.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 7.5% disagreed, 52.5% agreed and 37.5% strongly agreed.
Table 5.7: Capacity building among the local community to address unemployment and restiveness is key to addressing pipeline vandalization
Capacity building among the local community to address unemployment and restiveness is key to addressing pipeline vandalization
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 1 2.5 2.5 2.5
Disagree 3 7.5 7.5 10.0
Agree 21 52.5 52.5 62.5
Strongly Agree 15 37.5 37.5 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0
Figure 5.7: Capacity building among the local community to address unemployment and restiveness is key to addressing pipeline vandalization

Table 5.8 and Figure 5.8 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “The government should devote a considerable percentage of revenue generated from Niger Delta oil to the development projects in the area.” From the table 2.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 5% disagreed, 12.5% neither agreed nor disagreed, 70% agreed and 10% strongly agreed.
Table 5.8: The government should devote a considerable percentage of revenue generated from Niger Delta oil to the development projects in the area
The government should devote a considerable percentage of revenue generated from Niger Delta oil to the development projects in the area
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 1 2.5 2.5 2.5
Disagree 2 5.0 5.0 7.5
Neither agree nor disagree 5 12.5 12.5 20.0
Agree 28 70.0 70.0 90.0
Strongly Agree 4 10.0 10.0 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 5.8: The government should devote a considerable percentage of revenue generated from Niger Delta oil to the development projects in the area

Table 5.9 and Figure 5.9 show the level of agreement and disagreement of research participants with the statement that “The government should use effective poverty reduction strategy in Niger Delta to curb pipeline vandalization.” From the table 2.5% of the respondents strongly disagreed with the statement, 2.5% disagreed, 10% neither agreed nor disagreed, 22.5% agreed and 62.5% strongly agreed.
Table 5.9: The government should use effective poverty reduction strategy in Niger Delta to curb pipeline vandalization
The government should use effective poverty reduction strategy in Niger Delta to curb pipeline vandalization
Frequency Percent Valid Percent Cumulative Percent
Valid Strongly disagree 1 2.5 2.5 2.5
Disagree 1 2.5 2.5 5.0
Neither agree nor disagree 4 10.0 10.0 15.0
Agree 9 22.5 22.5 37.5
Strongly Agree 25 62.5 62.5 100.0
Total 40 100.0 100.0

Figure 5.9: The government should use effective poverty reduction strategy in Niger Delta to curb pipeline vandalization

5.3 CHI-SQUARE TESTS
5.3.1 Test 1
In order to establish the relationship between Role of government and frequency of checks for pipeline integrity, the researcher conducted a chi-square test for equal proportion and indicated in Table 5.10 (Role of government and frequency of checks for pipeline integrity) and Table 5.11 (Chi-Square Tests) below.
Table 5.10: Role of government and frequency of checks for pipeline integrity
The government has an important role to play in preventing vandalization * There should be frequent checks for pipeline integrity in Niger Delta to prevent pipeline vandalization Crosstabulation
There should be frequent checks for pipeline integrity in Niger Delta to prevent pipeline vandalization Total
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly Agree
The government has an important role to play in preventing vandalization Strongly disagree Count 1 1 0 0 1 3
% of Total 2.5% 2.5% 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 7.5%
Disagree Count 0 2 0 0 1 3
% of Total 0.0% 5.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 7.5%
Neither agree nor disagree Count 0 0 1 3 0 4
% of Total 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 7.5% 0.0% 10.0%
Agree Count 1 1 1 7 2 12
% of Total 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 17.5% 5.0% 30.0%
Strongly Agree Count 0 3 3 1 11 18
% of Total 0.0% 7.5% 7.5% 2.5% 27.5% 45.0%
Total Count 2 7 5 11 15 40
% of Total 5.0% 17.5% 12.5% 27.5% 37.5% 100.0%

Table 5.11 indicates a p value of 0.011, which is less than 0.05. Since p value is less than 0.05, it implies that there is a significant relationship between Role of government and frequency of checks for pipeline integrity. Table 5.10 shows that more than % of the respondents who agreed with the statement “The government has an important role to play in preventing vandalization” also agreed, “There should be frequent checks for pipeline integrity in Niger Delta to prevent pipeline vandalization.”
Table 5.11: Chi-Square Tests
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 31.682a 16 .011
Likelihood Ratio 32.357 16 .009
Linear-by-Linear Association 4.337 1 .037
N of Valid Cases 40
a. 24 cells (96.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .15.

5.3.2 Test 2
In order to establish the relationship between Role of government and Improve surveillance using modern methods, the researcher conducted a chi-square test for equal proportion and indicated in Table 5.12 (Chi-Square Tests) and Table 5.13 () below.
Table 5.12: Chi-Square Tests
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 27.569a 16 .036
Likelihood Ratio 26.879 16 .043
Linear-by-Linear Association 5.956 1 .015
N of Valid Cases 40
a. 24 cells (96.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .23.

Table 5.12 indicates a p value of 0.036, which is less than 0.05. Since p value is less than 0.05, it implies that there is a significant relationship between Role of government and Improve surveillance using modern methods. Table 5.13 shows that more than 67% of the respondents who agreed with the statement “The government has an important role to play in preventing vandalization” also agreed, “Improve surveillance using modern methods is crucial for prevention of pipeline vandalization.”
Table 5.13: Role of government and Improve surveillance using modern methods
The government has an important role to play in preventing vandalization * Improve surveillance using modern methods is crucial for prevention of pipeline vandalization Crosstabulation
Improve surveillance using modern methods is crucial for prevention of pipeline vandalization Total
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly Agree
The government has an important role to play in preventing vandalization Strongly disagree Count 2 0 0 0 1 3
% of Total 5.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 7.5%
Disagree Count 1 1 0 0 1 3
% of Total 2.5% 2.5% 0.0% 0.0% 2.5% 7.5%
Neither agree nor disagree Count 0 0 2 2 0 4
% of Total 0.0% 0.0% 5.0% 5.0% 0.0% 10.0%
Agree Count 1 1 2 5 3 12
% of Total 2.5% 2.5% 5.0% 12.5% 7.5% 30.0%
Strongly Agree Count 2 1 0 4 11 18
% of Total 5.0% 2.5% 0.0% 10.0% 27.5% 45.0%
Total Count 6 3 4 11 16 40
% of Total 15.0% 7.5% 10.0% 27.5% 40.0% 100.0%

5.3.3 Test 3
In order to establish the relationship between Role of government and effective tracking oil bunkering, the researcher conducted a chi-square test for equal proportion and indicated in Table 5.14 (Role of government and effective tracking oil bunkering) and Table 5.15 (Chi-Square Tests) () below.
Table 5.14: Role of government and effective tracking oil bunkering
The government has an important role to play in preventing vandalization * Effective Tracking Oil bunkering by Naval Force at sea can stop illegal trade on oil products thereby reducing cases of pipeline vandalization Crosstabulation
Effective Tracking Oil bunkering by Naval Force at sea can stop illegal trade on oil products thereby reducing cases of pipeline vandalization Total
Strongly disagree Disagree Neither agree nor disagree Agree Strongly Agree
The government has an important role to play in preventing vandalization Strongly disagree Count 1 2 0 0 0 3
% of Total 2.5% 5.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 7.5%
Disagree Count 0 0 0 0 3 3
% of Total 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% 7.5% 7.5%
Neither agree nor disagree Count 1 0 1 1 1 4
% of Total 2.5% 0.0% 2.5% 2.5% 2.5% 10.0%
Agree Count 1 1 2 3 5 12
% of Total 2.5% 2.5% 5.0% 7.5% 12.5% 30.0%
Strongly Agree Count 0 3 0 11 4 18
% of Total 0.0% 7.5% 0.0% 27.5% 10.0% 45.0%
Total Count 3 6 3 15 13 40
% of Total 7.5% 15.0% 7.5% 37.5% 32.5% 100.0%

Table 5.15 indicates a p value of 0.023, which is less than 0.05. Since p value is less than 0.05, it implies that there is a significant relationship between Role of government and effective tracking oil bunkering. Table 5.14 shows that more than 70% of the respondents who agreed with the statement “The government has an important role to play in preventing vandalization” also agreed “Effective Tracking Oil bunkering by Naval Force at sea can stop illegal trade on oil products thereby reducing cases of pipeline vandalization.”
Table 5.15: Chi-Square Tests
Chi-Square Tests
Value df Asymp. Sig. (2-sided)
Pearson Chi-Square 29.182a 16 .023
Likelihood Ratio 29.789 16 .019
Linear-by-Linear Association 2.472 1 .116
N of Valid Cases 40
a. 23 cells (92.0%) have expected count less than 5. The minimum expected count is .23.

5.4 SUMMARY
The researcher investigated the views and opinion of managers and employees working in SHELL, MOBIL, Chevron, Nigeria Nigeria Petroleum Corporation and the Niger Delta Development Commission on oil pipeline damage and vandalism solutions since it was important in attaining research objectives. The findings showed that majority of the respondents agreed that appropriate measures should be taken to stop pipeline vandalization. Some of the measures according to the respondents include frequent checks for pipeline integrity in Niger Delta to prevent pipeline vandalization; improving surveillance using modern methods is crucial for prevention of pipeline vandalization and using surveillance using modern methods is crucial for prevention of pipeline vandalization among others.

CHAPTER 6 – DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS
6.1 INTRODUCTION
The current chapter includes a discussion of the findings presented in the three previous chapters. The research conducted statistical analysis on demographic information, oil pipeline vandalization, impact of oil spills in the marine environment and oil pipeline damage and vandalism solutions. The findings indicate that majority of the respondents that participated in this research had bachelor’s degree and above. This is a very significant indication on the validity and accuracy of the data gathered in this study. Since the respondents were drawn from oil company and as well as organizations responsible for overseeing oil product in Niger Delta and high level of education of the respondents who were working directly in the oil sector means they were well informed to offer accurate data needed in this study. In addition, almost all respondents indicated that they were familiar with subject of the research. Moreover, most of the respondents comprising 74% were holding managerial positions in their respect organizations
6.2 OIL PIPELINE VANDALISATION
Pipeline vandalization is a reality in the Niger Delta. As whether pipeline vandalization is a serious issue in the Niger Delta, majority of the respondents agreed that indeed pipeline vandalization is a serious issue whose impact is quite big and far-reaching. Respondents noted that the frequency of attacks on oil and gas pipeline have continuously increased over the years making the subject of pipeline vandalization a worthy subject to consider. Onuaha (2008 – Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers) in his study noted that attack oil pipeline vandalization has increased constantly of the past few decades. When asked whether pipeline vandalization leads to reduced revenue collection, majority of the respondents agreed with statement. The impact of vandalization of pipeline in Niger Delta cannot be underestimated. Vandalization of pipeline lead to loss of oil and oil products meant for economic development. When oil pipeline for instance is vandalized, the fuel lost leads to reduced revenue equivalent to the Value of oil lost.
Moreover, the investigator also established from the responses of the respondents that pipeline vandalization leads to high maintenance and security costs. Due to vandalism, the government tend to take extra measures to enhance security along pipeline to prevent possible vandalization of the pipeline. For instance, Aerial surveillance and recruiting of addition human force to monitor pipeline require many resources, which could be used in the development of the nation and the local community. Most of the respondents that participated in the research agreed that illegal trade on oil and its product is one of the causes of pipeline vandalization. Stopping illegal oil trade along the coast of Niger Delta and in the international seas is crucial for dealing with this menace of vandalism. Stopping illegal oil trade would mean that the illegally acquired oil will not sell thereby reducing vandalism. Poverty among local communities in Niger Delta according to majority of the respondents leads to pipeline vandalization. It is important that the local community get a share of the oil explored in Niger Delta in a bid to empower the local communities. Such initiative is likely to enable the local communities embrace the oil exploration and instead of being a possible threat to oil pipeline they will protect the pipeline from attacks.
Moreover, majority of the respondents agreed that failed expectations among the Niger Delta constituency are a possible cause of pipeline vandalization in the region. Oil being an import resource in the Niger Delta region, the local people has expectations that oil exploration would contribute to their wellbeing by improving their livelihood as well as enhancing economic development of the region. When such expectations are not met or addressed it is possible for the local people to turn against oil exploration in Niger Delta and may try to sabotage the government by involving in vandalization. Non-incorporation of local communities in decision-making and management of oil resource in Niger Delta is a possible cause of pipeline vandalization. In order for the people living in Niger Delta to feel part of oil exploration in Niger Delta, it is imperative to involve them in the decision-making process as well as resource management. In essence, such strategy would go along away in ensuring the success of the oil related activities in Niger Delta.

6.3 IMPACT OF OIL SPILLS ON THE MARINE ENVIRONMENT
Most of the research participants noted that oil pipeline vandalization has numerous devastating impacts and one of the impacts is that oil pipeline vandalization cause serious environment degradation through pollution. Oil spill is a very big disaster to the marine environment since it leads to pollution which pose serious threats to people living along the coastline, aquatic life and human activities along the coast like fishing and tourism. Pollution due to oil spill has the potential of causing health risk when one inhales oil fumes. Oil spills have also been identified to cause water and land pollution. Land polluted through oil spill can become barren, which in turn affect locals that rely on farming for livelihood. Water pollution due to oil spill can cause death of living organisms in the polluted habitats. Majority of the respondents also agreed that oil spills endanger existence of biodiversity. Oil spill is health hazard to aquatic flora and fauna since it kills them and their habitat. When that happens, the ecological system where there is oil spill can be altered thereby posing great danger.
Most of the respondents agreed that oil spills threatens the livelihood of Niger Delta local communities who depend on farming and fishing activities. Many people living in the Niger Delta depend on fishing as their source of livelihood. Oil spillage in the Niger Delta therefore can greatly interfere with source of livelihood by wiping out fish along the coast. In addition, since oil spillage on land can make the land become barren, it therefore follows that oil spillage on land tend to reduce arable land the local farmers rely on for their livelihood. Therefore, apart from oil spills making fertile farms barren thereby reducing arable farms, it also destroys aquatic wildlife thereby threatening fishing activities as well as tourism activities. Oil spills interfere with tourism activities along Niger Delta coast. When there is oil spill along the coast of delta the attractive corals and aquatic organism together will disappear and together with pollution at the coast tourist may not find Niger Delta attractive which therefore leads to loss of jobs and revenue. Oil spills upset ecological balance in the marine environment and it also has harmful health effects.

6.4 OIL PIPELINE DAMAGE AND VANDALISM SOLUTIONS
Due to the negative impact of pipeline vandalization, most of the respondents agreed that appropriate measures should be taken to stop pipeline vandalization. The respondents suggested several means that can be employed to address vandalism of oil pipeline. For instance, majority of the respondents indicated that there should be frequent checks for pipeline integrity in Niger Delta to prevent pipeline vandalization. The respondents concurred that improve surveillance using modern methods is crucial for prevention of pipeline vandalization. Frequent check on oil pipeline as well as using advance technology is key to addressing pipeline vandalization. Investing in such resource can go a long way in averting the devastating dangers due to pipeline vandalization and oil spills. Moreover, the respondents added that it is important to invest in using Satellite/Aerial monitoring of pipeline installation has the potential to control and prevent pipeline vandalization.
Majority of the respondents agreed that quick response to oil spillage and pipeline vandalization using Geographic Information System could prevent dangers of oil spills. In order to avert dangers associated with oil spills, it is imperative to invest in quick response to deal with spillage before becoming overwhelming. The research also ascertained from the respondents that effective Tracking Oil bunkering by Naval Force at sea could stop illegal trade on oil products thereby reducing cases of pipeline vandalization. A spirited war on oil bunkering and illegal trade on oil and oil products at sea should be fiercely fought by the Nigerian army. Killing illegal oil business at sea means that illegally acquired oil will not get market and such development can remarkable reduce oil vandalism in the Niger Delta. Capacity building among the local community to address unemployment and restiveness is key to addressing pipeline vandalization. Besides, the government should devote a considerable percentage of revenue generated from Niger Delta oil to the development projects in the area. The government should use effective poverty reduction strategy in Niger Delta to curb pipeline vandalization since such efforts will enable the people embrace oil related development and as a result, they are likely to devote themselves oil exploration leading to reduced pipeline vandalization.

6.5 SUMMARY
Pipeline vandalization is common in Niger Delta. Some of the causes of oil vandalization include illegal oil trade, poverty, failed expectations of the local community and failure to involve the local community in important decision making regarding oil in Niger Delta. Vandalism was found to have impacts such as loss of revenue, pollution and death of aquatic life. Fighting illegal oil trade at the sea is one of the effective methods that can be used to contain pipeline vandalism.
CHAPTER 7 – CONCLUSION AND REFLECTION
Niger Delta is one of the regions that are rich in oil resource. However, recent events indicate that vandals have compromised safety and integrity of pipelines leading to devastating effects. In order to examine vandalization of oil pipeline and the effect on the marine environment the research sought to investigate a number of objectives. The objectives investigated in this research include examine the causes of oil pipeline vandalization in the Niger Delta region and the consequences associated with these acts and to analyse methods of reducing pipeline damage and the resulting environmental impact. Other objectives include to assess the relative merits of the alternative solutions, including an analysis of the associated costs and to establish the impact of oil spills on the marine environment. Descriptive survey research design was used in this research where the researcher gathered views and opinions of managers and employees working in SHELL, MOBIL, Chevron, Nigeria Nigeria Petroleum Corporation and the Niger Delta Development Commission. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistical analysis and chi-square test.
Pipeline is the mode of transport of oil and oil products in Niger Delta. However, vandalization of oil pipeline in the region called the attention of many since the menace has a far-reaching effect in the local and national economy. Illegal trade on oil and its product is one of the causes of pipeline vandalization. Moreover, poverty among local communities in Niger Delta leads to pipeline vandalization. The researcher also ascertained that failed expectations among the Niger Delta constituency are a possible cause of pipeline vandalization in the region. The impact of oil spills on the marine environment include cause fire leading to loss of life, property and habitat; make fertile farms barren thereby reducing arable farms; and it destroys aquatic wildlife thereby threatening fishing activities. In order to address vandalization, it is proper to improve surveillance using modern methods in prevention of pipeline vandalization. Other methods to deal with vandalism include Effective Tracking Oil bunkering, using Quick response to oil spillage and pipeline vandalization and Capacity building among the local community to address unemployment among many others.
This study was completed successfully even though it posed a serious challenge. However, the challenges posed was used as opportunity to learn and become more equipped with research skills. All research activities such data collection, data analysis, sampling and questionnaire design as well as choosing suitable research methods were undertaken with almost care to ensure research validity and reliability. However, the challenges faced in this research were primary data collection, which was quite cumbersome. This research was limited by time, geographical local and financial resources.

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APPENDIX A Survey Questionnaire
Vandalisation of oil Pipeline and the Effect on the Marine Environment: A Case Study of Nigeria Niger Delta
Dear Respondent,
Thank you for agreeing to participate in this research into Vandalisation of oil Pipeline and the Effect on the Marine Environment, A Case Study of Nigeria Niger Delta. I am undertaking this research as a part of my Master degree programme of studies for the University. This academic survey asks for your HONEST responses with regard to every section of the questionnaire. Since this is an academic survey, your views in the survey will be held private and used only for purposes of achieving the study aim and objectives. Hence, your personal details will remain anonymous and will not be disclosed to any third party. In addition, when the research is completed, your responses will be destroyed.
SECTION 1: DEMOGRAPHIC AND GENERAL WORK INFORMATION
General Information (Please Select the Appropriate Choice by Marking One Check-Box)
1. Age:
0 18-24 years 0 25-34 years 0 35-44 years 0 45-54 years 0 Over 55 years

2. Education Level:
0 O/A-Level 0 Diploma 0 Bachelor’s degree 0 Master’s degree 0 Doctorate degree
3. Gender:
0 Male 0 Female

4. Work Designation:
0 Senior Get research paper samples and course-specific study resources under   homework for you course hero writing service – Manage r 0 Assistant Get research paper samples and course-specific study resources under   homework for you course hero writing service – Manage r 0 General manager 0 Supervisor
0 Non-managerial Employee

SECTION 2: WORK EXPERIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE OF ISSUE
5. Do you regard yourself as being familiar with the subject of Vandalisation of oil Pipeline and the Effect on the Marine Environment, A Case Study of Nigeria Niger Delta?

0 Strongly Disagree 0 Disagree 0 Neither Agree nor Disagree 0 Agree 0 Strongly Agree

The following series of questions ask you to indicate how much you agree or disagree with a particular statement about productivity. Please kindly mark only one answer, which best shows your degree of agreement or disagreement with the statements set out below.
Strongly Disagree
Disagree
Neither Agree nor Disagree Agree Strongly Agree
Oil Pipeline Vandalisation
6. Pipeline vandalization is a serious issue in the Niger Delta 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
7. The frequency of attacks on oil and gas pipeline have continuously increased over the years 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
8. Pipeline vandalization leads to reduced revenue collection 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
9. Pipeline vandalization leads to high maintenance and security costs 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
10. Illegal trade on oil and its product is one of the causes of pipeline vandalization 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
11. State of poverty among local communities in Niger Delta lead to pipeline vandalization 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
12. Failed expectations among the Niger Delta constituency is a possible cause of pipeline vandalization in the region 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
13. Non-incorporation of local communities in decision-making and management of oil resource in Niger Delta is possible cause of pipeline vandalization 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
Impact of oil Spills on the Marine Environment
14. Oil pipeline vanadalization has numerous devastating impact 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
15. Oil pipeline vanadalization causes serious environment degradation through pollution 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
16. Oil spills endanger existence of biodiversity 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
17. Oil pipeline vanadalization can cause fire leading to loss of life, property and habitat 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
18. Oil spills threatens the livelihood of Niger Delta local communities who depend are farming and fishing activities 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
19. Oil spills make fertile farms barren thereby reducing arable farms 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
20. Oil spills destroy aquatic wildlife thereby threatening fishing activities 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
21. Oil spills interfere with tourism activities along Niger Delta coast 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
22. Oil spills upset ecological balance in the marine environment 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
23. Oil spills has harmful health effects 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
Oil Pipeline damage and vandalism solutions
24. Appropriate measures should be taken to stop pipeline vandalization 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
25. There should be frequent checks for pipeline integrity in Niger Delta to prevent pipeline vandalization 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
26. Improve surveillance using modern methods is crucial for prevention of pipeline vandalization 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
27. Use of Satellite/Aerial monitoring of pipeline installation has the potential to control and prevent pipeline vandalization 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
28. Quick response to oil spillage and pipeline vandalization using Geographic Information System can prevent dangers of oil spills 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
29. Effective Tracking Oil bunkering by Naval Force at sea can stop illegal trade on oil products thereby reducing cases of pipeline vandalization 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
30. Capacity building among the local community to address unemployment and restiveness is key to addressing pipeline vandalization 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
31. The government should devote a considerable percentage of revenue generated from Niger Delta oil to the development projects in the area 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree
32. The government should use effective poverty reduction strategy in Niger Delta to curb pipeline vandalization 0
Strong Disagree 0
Disagree 0
Neither Agree nor Disagree 0
Agree 0
Strongly Agree

THANK YOU FOR YOUR COOPERATION IN MAKING THIS SURVEY A SUCCESS

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