Posted: February 28th, 2022

Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a chronic condition

GH4004 Compare and Contrast Template-1116 wads
1. Explain the health problem you selected and why you chose that problem.
Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) is a chronic condition that affects the body’s ability to process blood sugar. With this illness, the pancreas either does not generate adequate insulin, or it resists insulin. As a result, glucose builds up in the blood stream. Common clinical manifestations of diabetes are frequent urination, blurred vision, increased thirst, hunger, and tiredness. If not managed effectively, T2D can lead to complications.
T2D was chosen because it presents a significant burden of disease for the US. The disease is acknowledged as a serious public health issue with a substantial impact on human life and health expenditures. Besides, it affects a person’s functional capacities and life quality, causing considerable morbidity and premature death. In fact, in the US, diabetes is one of the top leading causes of morbidity and mortality. If more is not done to deal with this disease, then the future of the American population is bleak.
Identify and record the health data for each country for the health problem you selected.
Task United States Australia
2a. Identify the following for each country:

Population and demographics
• Has a population of about 331million people as of 2020 (US Census Bureau, 2020)
• Males: 163 million
• Female: 168 million
• Whites-76.3%
• African-Americans-13.4%
• Hispanics-18.5% • Has a population of 25.6 million people as of 2020 (Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2020)
• Male: 12.5 million
• Female: 13.1 million
• Non-indigenous Australians-75%
• Indigenous Australians-25%
2b. Identify the following for each country:

Annual per capita income
$68,309 $52,158
2c. Identify the following for each country:

Annual per capita spending on healthcare
$10,966 as per 2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers 7,772 Australian dollars as per 2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers

3. Describe the incidence of the health problem in each country.
• Approximately 1.5 million new cases of diabetes are reported annually (CDC, 2020)
• Incidents rates of diabetes are higher among adults aged between 45 and 64 years compared to adults aged between 18 and 44 years (CDC, 2020)
• In comparison to non-Hispanic whites (5.0 per 1,000 individuals), non-Hispanic blacks (8.2 per 1,000 individuals) and Hispanics (9.7 per 1,000 individuals) have higher incidences of the disease (CDC, 2020)

• About 280 Australian develop diabetes daily. That’s approximately 102,200 new cases yearly (AIHW, 2020)
• An estimated 2.4 million Australians are affected by T2D daily as they are prompted to take a support role for the sick family member (AIHW, 2020)

4. Describe the prevalence of the health problem in each country.
• A total of 34.5 million people in the US are affected by diabetes (CDC, 2020). This represents 10.5% of the US population. Of these, 26.8 million adults have been diagnosed with T2D.
• Prevalence of diabetes among men is 11% while for women is 9.5% (CDC, 2020)
• American Indians/Alaska natives (14.7%), Hispanics (12.5%) and non-Hispanic African-Americans (11.7%) have the highest prevalence of diagnosed diabetes (CDC, 2020)
• The prevalence of the disease also differs among people with different education levels. Adults who have not attained a high school education are the highest affected (13.3%) compared with those who completed high school education (9.7%) and 7.5% of individuals with vocational or college training (CDC, 2020).

Nearly 1 million adults in Australia suffer from T2D as per the 2017-2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online statistics; this represents 5.3% of the Australian population (AIHW, 2020).
Non-indigenous Australians (4.3%) are less affected by T2D compared to indigenous Australians (12.6%) (AIHW, 2020)
Those with low socio-economic status (7.0%) are mostly affected by the illness than those with higher social economic status (3.3%) (AIHW, 2020)

5. Describe the healthcare system of workers/professionals who are available to serve the population for the health problem in each country: In the US economy, healthcare is one of the sectors that is growing very first. It hires more than eighteen million workers. Almost 80% of the healthcare workforce comprises of women (CDC, 2020)
As of 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online, the number of registered health practitioners stood at 536,000 (AIHW, 2020). Averagely, most of the health workforce is females and aged between 20 and 34 years (AIHW, 2020).

6a. Explain the following list of factors that may contribute to the existence of the health problem in each country:

Describe the elements of the epidemiological triangle, if applicable
The external agent in this case is T2D. The susceptible host is an individual who engages in poor lifestyle habits such as unhealthy eating and lack of exercise. The environment comprises of factors like pollution, high-calorie diets, genetics, and obesity. The external agent is T2D. The susceptible hosts are people who are overweight/obese, have a family history of the disease, and have high blood pressure. The environment consists of aspects like ethnicity, access to healthcare, pollution, physical inactivity, and poor nutrition.
6b. Explain the following list of factors that may contribute to the existence of the health problem in each country:

Describe environmental impacts (including the healthcare delivery system) that may apply to the health problem in each country
• Air pollution plays a role in etiopathogenesis of diabetes. Millions of tons of pollutants are emitted in US atmosphere. These, in turn, contribute to diabetes burden.
• The US healthcare delivery system is associated with high costs of care and lack of insurance coverage. These are factors that make healthcare services inaccessible to many. As a result, a significant part of the population does not go for regular medical checkups and hence do not access preventive services. Therefore, the burden of diabetes increases. • Air pollution is significantly lower in Australia. This may explain why the diabetes burden is much lower in the country.
• The Australian healthcare delivery system is much cheaper as it is mainly funded through the public Medicare program. As a result, more Australians can access health services, and can hence go for regular checkups. This way, Australians get information on how they can remain healthy and prevent diseases like T2D.

7a. Explain the multifactorial relationships for the health problem in each country:

Nutritional considerations, if applicable
The American diet is mainly characterized by refined carbohydrates, saturated fatty acids, and high amounts of calories. This diet is unhealthy and contributes to the development of T2D. In general, Australians of all ages have a poor diet-they do not consume enough of the five food groups and consume excess discretionary foods high in fat, salt and sugar. This is a risk factor for T2D.

7b. Explain the multifactorial relationships for the health problem in each country:

Economic considerations
Low economic status is a risk factor for diabetes. According to the US census bureau, 10.5 percent Americans are poor. Therefore, this portion of the population is at a higher risk of developing diabetes. Poverty is associated with low literacy levels, and inadequate access to healthcare, factors that disadvantage them from taking preventive measures to reduce their risk. About 13% of Australians live in poverty. This population is at a higher risk of developing diabetes compared to the general population. Since they cannot afford and access nutritious foods and health services, their risk of diabetes is heightened.
7c. Explain the multifactorial relationships for the health problem in each country:

The costs of medication and/or treatment in the healthcare system
Diabetes costs the US healthcare system 237 billion dollars in direct medical expenses annually (Dougherty & Heile, 2020). Australians with TD2 spend a total yearly cost of 6 billion dollars. This encompasses healthcare expenses, commonwealth government subsidies, and the cost of providers.

8. Explain at least two current efforts for containment/mitigation by the healthcare system for the health problem in each country.
To mitigate the disease, the healthcare system in the US is prioritizing timely and suitable intensification of lifestyle and pharmacological therapy for diabetic patients. The system is also supporting public awareness on diabetes. Through various campaigns, providers are educating Americans about the disease, and how to decrease their risk of developing the condition.
The Australian’s health system focuses on sensitizing communities on dangers associated with poor lifestyle habits that contribute to diabetes.
The system also facilitates regular diabetes screening activities at community levels so as to ensure diabetes is caught early and prevented from progressing.

References
AIHW. (2020, July 15). Diabetes. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/diabetes/diabetes-snapshot/contents/how-many-australians-have-diabetes/type-2-diabetes
AIHW. (2020, July 23). Health workforce. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/australias-health/health-workforce.
Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2020). Population. Retrieved from https://www.abs.gov.au/statistics/people/population#:~:text=

CDC. (2020). National diabetes statistics report, 2020: estimates of diabetes and its burden in the United States. Centers
for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services; 2020. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/pdfs/data/statistics/national-diabetes-statistics-report.pdf
CDC. (2020, March 13). Health care workers – NIOSH workplace safety and health topic. Retrieved from https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/healthcare/default.html
Dougherty, T., & Heile, M. (2020). Type 2 diabetes in the US managed care setting: the burden of disease and rationale
for an oral glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist. The American Journal of Managed Care, 26(16 Suppl), S325-S334.
U.S. Census Bureau. (2020). QuickFacts: United States. Retrieved from https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/fact/table/US/PST045219

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