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BCJ 4101, Police and Community Relations
1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit VIII
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
7. Analyze impediments to community policing.
7.1
Identify potential future challenges related to the sustainability of community policing.
7.2
Discuss potential solutions to future challenges related to the sustainability of community
policing.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 15:
Understanding and Preventing Terrorism
Chapter 16:
What Research Tells Us and a Look to the Future
Unit Lesson
There are varying definitions of terrorism and varying classifications of acts as being terroristic in nature. In
general, terrorism involves the unlawful use of force (i.e., violence) on people or property in an attempt to
intimidate or coerce governments or populations, motivated by advancing political or social objectives (Miller,
Hess, & Orthmann, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). Terrorism is often motivated by some form of dissatisfaction with religious, political
or social systems and perception that change is not possible through nonviolent means.
On September 11, 2001, the United States was introduced to the deadliest act of terrorism on U.S. soil,
perpetrated by international terrorists when commercial planes were flown into New York’s World Trade
Center and the Pentagon; resulting in thousands of deaths, the destruction of the 110-story towers, and major
damage to the Pentagon. Acts of terror have far-reaching effects on survivors, the families and friends of
victims, and those who can identify with the individual(s) or group(s) being terrorized. For example, most
people who are old enough to remember the “9/11” attacks can also remember where they were and the
myriad of emotions that they felt upon hearing the news of the attacks. In addition, the 9/11 attacks drastically
changed law enforcement in the United States. Law enforcement now had to be concerned with domestic and
international terrorists that would attempt to terrorize their communities.
Dealing with terrorists is similar to dealing with other types of criminals. Research has found that members of
terrorist groups also engage in crimes, such as trafficking, fraud, and cybercrime. However, unlike many of
the crimes handled by law enforcement in their communities, the methods used by terrorists have the
potential to cause widespread physical harm (e.g., explosive and bombs and weapons of mass destruction).
Federal responses to terrorism include the creation of the Department of Homeland Security, the passing of
the USA PATRIOT Act, increased border security, and the Implementation of National Incident Get research paper samples and course-specific study resources under   homework for you course hero writing service – Manage ment
System (NIMS). Local responses to terrorism have included an increase call by law enforcement
administrators to ensure that law enforcement personnel and their communities are prepared to ward off and
respond to terrorism. This call originates from an understanding that law enforcement personnel are the first-
line of defense against terrorism.
Every level of law enforcement must be involved in the information gathering and intelligence sharing process
(e.g., Regional Information Sharing System and National Criminal Intelligence Sharing Plan). The intelligence
cycle involves planning and direction, collection, processing/collation, analysis, dissemination, and
revaluation. Community policing efforts must be proactive in conducting risk assessments in identifying
potential terroristic targets. Crucial collaborations and partnerships between law enforcement and private
UNIT VIII STUDY GUIDE
Terrorism Prevention and Future
Community Policing Outlooks

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BCJ 4101, Police and Community Relations
2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
security professionals must be established and maintained. Law enforcement responses to terrorism must
balance countering terrorism with addressing crime and disorder in communities.
The roles of law enforcement and the strategies they use to protect and serve the community will continue to
evolve as new challenges emerge. Thus, it is important to continue to consult empirical research about the
effectiveness of community policing strategies, and it is equally as important to look to the future of
community policing. There are many national sources that provide reliable research concerning law
enforcement. Some of the most prominent research organizations in the United States include: the National
Institute of Justice (NIJ), the Justice Research and Statistics Association (JRSA), the Police Executive
Research Forum (PERF), SEARCH, the National Consortium for Justice Information Statistics, the Justice
Research Association, the Police Foundation, the Vera Institute of Justice, and the International Association
of Chiefs of Police (IACP) Research Center. The IACP’s Research Advisory Committee (RAC) developed the
National Law Enforcement Research Agenda
(NLERA), which lists eight research topics related to law
enforcement that are designed to promote research, encourage partnerships between police and researchers,
and the development of policy that is relevant to the law enforcement community. Those research topics
include leadership, management and administration, training and education, systems approaches,
technology, response to crime victimization, emergency preparedness, and emerging issues (Miller et al.,
2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay).
There is a perception that law enforcement does not like research or does not consider it to be relevant to the
fulfillment of its mission. In actuality, historically law enforcement and researchers have worked well together,
and law enforcement has been able to apply the findings of many research studies. However, there have
been some partnerships between law enforcement and researchers that have left members of law
enforcement feeling as if the researcher was more concerned with generating a publication than providing
useful information to law enforcement agency. Thus, research partnerships between law enforcement and
researchers must be developed in the same way in which partnerships are developed between the
community and law enforcement. That is to say that there must be the establishment of trust, high levels of
communication, and full participation by all involved parties in the research process.
The action research model helps ensure the aforementioned attributes of partnerships between law
enforcement and researchers are realized. The action research model involves the identification of those
things that interest both partners in relation to issues such as departmental initiatives, political influences, and
local culture. Once a common interest is identified, law enforcement and researchers work together to identify
a research topic and to conduct background research on the topic (e.g., reconnaissance, literature reviews,
interviews, and pilot data-gathering). Then a research plan is developed, the research is conducted, and the
results are analyzed. The aforementioned steps go through a continual review and revision process as the
researcher in law enforcement partnership progresses through each step. The final stages of the action
research model involve communicating the findings in applying the research findings. Ideally the action
research model is a continual cycle in which the interest of the partners to lead to research studies in the
findings from those research studies in form the interest of partners and lead to additional research studies.
Research models allow for varying kinds of research to be conducted (e.g., experimental design) and the use
of varying data collection tools (e.g., surveys) to assess the various units of analysis (e.g., case studies).
Researchers found that focusing solely on crime statistics as an indicator of the success of community
policing strategies is insufficient and that additional validation data should be considered (e.g., healthcare
records, school records, housing data, licensing data, and community surveys).
Current trends (e.g., changes in crime trend and economic conditions) continue to force law enforcement to
evaluate their policies and programs in order to ensure the efficient and effective allocation of resources that
meet the needs of the law enforcement agencies and the communities they protect and serve. In addition,
advancements in technology (e.g., camera-equipped aerial drones, tablet computers, patrol car GPS tracking
systems, explosive detonating robots, robotic cameras, and body cameras) also require law enforcement to
evaluate programs and policies that oversee the acquisition, implementation, and maintenance of such
technologies.
Changes in technology are also motivators for looking to the future of law enforcement. Experts suggest that
in the future there will be a continued need for community policing as communities continue to diversify,
urbanization continues, mass migration impacts the distribution of the world’s population, societal values
continue to change, acts of terrorism increase, privacy rights continue to erode, specialization within law
enforcement increases, resource sharing between law enforcement agencies increases, the use of outside

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