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BCJ 4101, Police and Community Relations
1
Course Learning Outcomes for Unit I
Upon completion of this unit, students should be able to:
1. Explain how the United States Constitution makes the role of American law enforcement different
from other countries.
2. Examine the three eras of policing in the United States and how police/community relations have
changed from era to era.
10. Examine the use of excessive force by police and citizen complaints.
Reading Assignment
Chapter 1:
The Evolution of Community Policing
Chapter 2:
Inside Police Agencies: Understanding Mission and Culture
The following article can be found in the Academic Search Complete database, located in the CSU Online
Library:
Tomlins, C. (2008 – Affordable Custom Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay from Pro Writers). Necessities of state: Police, sovereignty, and the constitution.
Journal Of Policy History
,
20
(1), 47-63.
Unit Lesson
Community policing has become the current focus of law enforcement efforts and is the result of the
progression of law enforcement practices over several eras. So, what is community policing? How did we
arrive at a place in which community policing was the benchmark for acceptable policing strategies? Let’s
start with the first question. What is community policing? This is a question that is not easily answered as
there is no completely agreed-upon definition of community policing. However, there are two primary
concepts that permeate all of the definitions of community policing: “police-community partnerships and a
proactive, problem-solving approach to the police function.” (Miller, Hess, & Orthmann, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay, p. 5).
Now, let’s address the second question. What does policing history teach us about the evolution of policing
strategies? The expectation that community members would all be responsible for maintaining law and order
in their communities can be traced back to the beginning of policing. This expectation is evidenced in the
structure of the tithing system and the frankpledge (i.e., shire reeve and hue and cry).
Modern policing, as we know it here in the United States, can be directly traced back to the efforts of Sir
Robert Peel in the passing of the Metropolitan Police Act of 1829, which led to the development of the London
Metropolitan Police. The London Metropolitan police force adhered to what has been deemed the Peelian
principles. Those principles emphasize the prevention of crime and disorder and the importance of the
interdependency of the police and citizens. The Peelian principles emphasize that while the duty of the police
is to maintain order and prevent crime, the power by which police are able to carry out those duties is derived
from the approval of the citizens they serve and protect. Sir Robert Peel understood that without the respect
and cooperation of citizens, it would be impossible for the police to maintain order, ensure adherence to the
laws, and prevent crime. It was understood that the police are citizens, and that the citizens are police. In
essence, the policing of the community was the responsibility of the entire community. Ultimately, Sir Robert
peel emphasized that police do not necessarily have to be visible to demonstrate that they are upholding the
UNIT I STUDY GUIDE
History of Community
Policing

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BCJ 4101, Police and Community Relations
2
UNIT x STUDY GUIDE
Title
laws, but that the evidence of that will be seen in the levels of crime and order that exist in the community
(Miller et al., 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay).
While the United States did not immediately adapt the Peelian principles utilized by the London Metropolitan
Police force, as it was still using other systems such as the watchman system in the North and the slave
patrol system in South, we began to see the development of policing agencies in the northern United States
during the late 1830s. Since that time, policing in the United States has evolved through several paradigm
shifts, which have been divided into three eras: political, reform, and community.
The political era (1840 to 1930) was a period in police policing history in which we saw the formation of police
departments and a desire for police to have close interaction with the community. However, that era was
known for the use of the patronage and spoils systems, in which politicians gave people (including police
officers) jobs or special privileges as a reward for voting for them. As a result, there was widespread
corruption throughout the policing agencies in the United States (Miller et al., 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay).
The reform era (1930 to 1980) was birthed in direct response to addressing the corruption that existed in
policing agencies. This era was known for the development of police administrations that were centralized,
adhered to the highest standards, and were marked with expert leadership. The reform era is also known as
the progressive era, in which professionalism became the main focus of policing agencies in the United
States. In the reform era, there was a withdrawal of police from intimate contact with the community, and
there was a shift to having police use vehicles to allow for rapid response to calls for service from the
community. Thus, this era sought to accomplish crime control through preventative measures instead of the
intimate interaction of police within the community. It is argued that it is in the reform era that the concept of
the “thin blue line” was coined to describe the separation that exists between law-abiding citizens and
criminals, as well as the separation that exists between the police and the citizens that they serve. It is the
latter meaning of the term, “thin blue line” that is most commonly associated with the use of the term (Miller et
al., 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay).
Although sustaining professionalism is a noble goal, it had negative effects on the relations between the
police and the community. In the 1960s and 70s there were numerous studies conducted to evaluate police
services. Public, community, and human-relation efforts worked together to improve the relationship between
the police and the community, and the introduction of crime prevention programs (e.g., neighborhood watch
and automobile and home security systems). During the late 1960s, The Law Enforcement Assistance
Administration (LEAA) was developed as an organization to fund studies and programs to assist law
enforcement agencies in improving community relations and preventing crime. The 1960s also marked the
introduction of seminal cases that impacted how law enforcement personnel were allowed to carry out their
duties (e.g., exclusionary rule, Miranda rights, and stop and frisk procedures). In addition, research
experiments like the Kansas City Preventive Patrol Study found that preventive patrols did not have a
significant impact on reduction in crime, reduction in citizen fear, or community attitudes toward police.
Despite concerns about the study designs, one thing was clear: many of the strategies employed during the
reform era were not producing the desired result: crime prevention and good police-citizen relations (Miller et
al., 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay).
The community era (1980 to present) was born out of the understanding that close relationships between
police and the community are essential to being able to “protect and serve” the community. Community
policing incorporates the positives of the preceding eras (i.e., intimate relationship with the community, foot
patrols, decentralization, and professionalism) with new strategies (e.g., proactive policing, task forces, public
relations, and expanded service provision). In essence, the role of law enforcement was expanded to
problem-solving and community advocacy instead of solely crime-fighting. The community era marked a
return to one of the primary Peelian principles: police officers are citizens and citizens are the police.
It is in the mission statement of a law enforcement agency that one is able to ascertain what that agency has
designated as its purpose in its community. It may be surprising to some to realize that most of what law
enforcement personnel do has very little to do with “crime-fighting” and a lot to do with serving the community.
That is why some people will say that police officers are social service agents that wear uniforms and carry
weapons. For some, this may be considered a negative connotation, but for those in the communities who
look to the police for protection and service it is a welcomed designation of law enforcement.

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