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Test Your Understanding: 

Answer the following questions without using a calculator or a computer. a) What is an integer? b) Is 4,307 an integer? c) Is 45.7 an integer? d) Is the first bit position on the right 0 or 1? e) Convert the decimal number 6 to binary without using a computer. (Answer: 110) f) Convert 0 to binary. g) Convert 15 to binary. h) Convert 62 to binary. i) This time using Excel or a decimal to binary converter, convert 128 to binary. (Answer: 10000000). j) Also using Excel or a decimal to binary converter, convert 255 to binary. k) Convert the binary number 100 to decimal. (Answer: 4) l) Convert the binary number 1111to decimal. m) Convert the binary number 10110 to decimal. n) Convert the binary number 100100 to decimal.

–Exercises: 

Thought Questions 2-1, 2-2, and 2-3. 

2-1. How do you think TCP would handle the problem if an acknowledgment were lost, so that the sender retransmitted the unacknowledged TCP segment, therefore causing the receiving transport process to receive the same segment twice?

2-2. a) Compute the minimum number of TCP segments required to open a connection, send an HTTP request and response message, and close the connection. Justify this number by creating a table showing each message and its sequence number. b) Repeat the question, this time if the HTTP response message is damaged during transmission.

2-3. Compute the minimum number of TCP segments required to open a connection, send an HTTP request and response message, and close the connection if the HTTP response message must be fragmented across ten packets. Justify this number by creating a table showing each message and its sequence number.