Posted: September 10th, 2023

Mistrust between law enforcement and low income urban minority communities

Format Instructions
Papers must be computer-processed (approximately 1вЂк margins all around), double-spaced, and grammatically correct. The assignment must follow APA format when citing materials in-text and developing the reference list/bibliography. Papers must also have an abstract that fits APA guidelines. Papers that fail to meet APA will automatically lose 10 points from the final score. Headings should also be used to provide organization to the paper. Pages should be 15 pages.
At least 11 academic sources are required for this paper including at 4, four sources that include authors that are noted black or other non-white criminologists to capture “minorityвЂк perspectives. Academic, scholarly sources such as journal articles, books, edited volumes, etc… (Wikipedia is NOT an academic/scholarly source or new sites, tech sites, or blogs) can be found through school search database from Library page using Infotrack, Ebsco, etc.

Task:
Section 1: In the first section of the paper, students should introduce the topic and state your thesis/research question. In this section students will develop the background information for the topic and/or historical context. Generally, this section introduces the topic, discusses the nature and extent of the issue and should also include any recent policy changes or legal developments in the area of focus. The direction for the paper or statement of the purpose should also be contained in the first paragraph. As well as a brief mapping of the flow of the remainder of the paper.

Section 2: In the second section of the paper, students will evaluate at least two different positions on the issue or topic selected (two different approaches/perspectives that surround your thesis or question. For example: Is citizen protest an efficient way to bring about greater police accountability? Is there a need for a Black/Multicultural Criminology? Does the colonial model explain African American disproportionate offending? {yes or no and why}). An overview of the relevant points of support for each position should follow. Compare and contrast at least two points and ideas for each perspective (An assignment to further this skill will replace DB #11 when we return from break).

Section 3: Lastly, each position should be evaluated in terms of published scholarly work or evidence-based research (i.e.: empirical support). Empirical data represents a significant portion of this section, thus students should outline at least four scholarly research studies for each position for a total of 8 sources (the 3 additional sources can be used throughout paper). The research findings regarding the positions presented will wrap up in this section to determine which side is supported by the weight of empirical evidence. A total of at least 11 academic scholarly sources are required for this paper. Finally, students will highlight productive suggestions to this issue including recent, new or potential policies or programs that might bring about more equitable change and or other relevant policy recommendations.

Mistrust Between Law Enforcement and Low Income Urban Minority Communities
Student’s Name
Institutional Affiliation

Mistrust Between Law Enforcement and Low Income Urban Minority Communities
Section 1: Introduction and Overview
For years, the major vulnerability of the minority residents in the U.S is the level at which the communities are isolated from the law enforcement institutions and organizations. The local isolation from the law enforcement agencies creates a huge concern in promoting security and cohesion in among the minority communities. On an individual perspective, the vulnerability of racial and ethnic vulnerability of the minority people is recorded by the increased cases of deaths and incarceration of the minority people in the U.S states. Most of the minority communities including the Native Americans, African-Americans, and the Hispanics among others are mainly low income earners (Van Craen, 2013). The low social economic situation affects the communities’ resiliency to counter the risks exposed to the minority communities.
The report will evaluate the mistrust between the law enforcement and the minority communities in the United States. In the United States, the black and Asian communities face significant prejudice in influencing the law enforcement programs. According to Lerman and Weaver (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay), the blacks had different opinions with the measures being taken by the police to counter the mistrust between the law enforcement agencies and the minority groups in the United States. It noted that 70 per cent of the blacks explained the police forces did not perform a good work in holding all police officers accountable for their actions. On the other hand, 27 per cent of the whites argued that the police did a good job in holding the law enforcement officials accountable and responsible for their actions.
About 57% of the blacks involved in the survey by Lerman and Weaver (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay) concluded that the police performance was poor compared to 23 per cent of whites who believed they performed poorly. A survey documented by Van Craen (2013) shows that the minority groups, more the blacks had a discourse over the performance of the law enforcement units compared with the whites. In terms of policy recommendations, the drug war enforcement policies were not able to reduce the drug usage due to the lack of trust and communication between the law enforcement units and the monitory communities. For example, the stop and frisk policy was reassessed and determined to be unfit in dealing with the mistrust with the low income urban communities in the United States.
Among the low income communities, the public trust in the police officers is important in enhancing public security and safety. Citizens living in high crime areas experiences intensive policy engagements, community supervision and increased violence. The effectiveness of this criminal justice process depends on the ability of the low income communities to work with the police officers (Weitzer, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). In certain instances, the police might conduct aggressive strategies to deal with drug and gang-related violence in a way that undermines the public confidence. Therefore, the report seeks to evaluate the mistrust between the law enforcement officers and the low income minority people in the United States.
Section 2: Two Perspectives
The main concern is whether the law enforcement officials have the capacity to improve trust with low income minority groups within the society. One perspective is that the police officers have done adequate processes in improving the trust among the low income minorities and the law enforcements organizations. In certain instances, the U.S officials have been able to create proper programs to improve the level of policing in the local urban groups. Largely, the police officers do not have the capacity to engage the residents well due to the unwillingness of the people to partner with the police. According to Lerman and Weaver (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay), the community usually does not trust the ability of the police to engage them fairly. Improved trust can be used in encouraging the residents to comply with the laws and becoming more ready to work with the police in dealing with crimes and preventing potential crimes. There is a strong relationship between police legitimacy and safety, which is useful in improving the willingness to report crimes in compliance with the law.
The trust between the urban minority communities and the police increased following the increased shooting of black men in the United States. For example, the police officers are facing problems in rebuilding the trust in the urban neighborhoods in Michigan state levels. Van Craen (2013) noted that the blacks do not have any confidence with the police departments unlike the whites who seems to have a high level of confidence with the police departments. The reduced confidence of the police units by the minority groups raises concerns on promoting trust among the communities. The minority communities living the urban areas noted that they were treated badly by the law enforcement officials. The bias in the criminal justice process also created concerns on the need to improve proper assessment of racial discrimination by the police units.
The cases of police brutality have been blamed for the destruction of trust between the law enforcement and the minority communities from the emergency services. For example, black communities in certain U.S states avoided calling the police officers due to the lack of proper actions and changes in the promoting public trust and honesty. The law enforcement units have raised concerns on the increased public debate about the cases of police abuse, which causes bad outcomes. Even though the media have freedom, the law enforcement agencies raise concerns on the reporting of police violence. The reporting of the police violence is critical in promoting democracy. The increased violence cases leads to the breakdown of the trust between the law enforcement and the minority communities. The proper public participation is critical in promoting the development of strategies in managing the social actions that expands public acceptance. The law enforcement units should improve and promote the social order and processes critical in the U.S states.
The engagement of transparent and rule based decision making processes are useful in supporting policing polices and fair actions. Other important improvements that should be made it to respect the people as well as promoting the level of trustworthiness. The respect of people helps in understanding the level of dignity and the communication of the proper rights and actions. It is also critical in the depicting the sensitivity to the needs of the people. Therefore, effective policing within the U.S minority communities would promote public trust and confidence.
The stop and frisk policy is one of the programs implemented by the police units targeting the black communities. The policy was highly criticized as it increased prejudice against the black communities in the criminal justice process. Most of the police departments were advised to perform additional interrogation on the minority communities. Such programs highlighted the poor engagement of the police in promoting growth in the neighborhood minority areas (Van Craen, 2013). To deal with such bad policies, the U.S government made efforts to prohibit the usage of stop and frisk in police investigations. Such an aspect allowed for the proper policing and engagements of the community to improve the cooperation between the police and the minority communities. In U.S cities and states whereby the police are worked well with the communities, the level of trust and engagements has improved leading to a safer environment and community. The police should advocate for good policing actions rather than discriminatory actions that would undermine the trust by the minority communities.
However, the high crime rates among the minority communities should not be undermined well. It is important for the urban minority communities to assign good actions and strategies useful in countering violent and high crime rates in the communities (Smith & Holmes, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). Community actions are usually useful in ensuring that the wrongdoers within the community are held responsible for their actions. Increased public engagements are usually useful in enhancing partnerships with the varied police measures. In spite of all, the law enforcement agencies must invest in significant efforts towards creating adequate trust to deal with difficulties and misunderstandings relating to proper judgment.
In addition, the law enforcement officers have been unable to deal with the high level of negative perception in the communities. Most black communities do not trust the police due to the high conflict relationships facing them in the low income communities. Considering the low socioeconomic status in the minority communities, the police face huge concerns. For years, the police officers continue to face hostility and lack of trust from the communities. At times, police officers have been killed by the minority communities highlighting the high level of crimes and lack of support for the law enforcement officials. The policing reforms should be able to focus on the nature and implications of the negative attitude and perception about the law enforcement organizations.
Van Craem (2013) highlighted that it is critical to acknowledge the challenges facing the communities. The police should be able to accept the issues raised by the communities and promise to take proper actions. Controversial police use of force and other situations could damage the relationship between the community and the police. In certain cases, the perceived behavior of misconduct by police officers damages the police and community relationships significantly. They could also lead to reduced trust between the police officers and the communities. For example, the police should accept the history of racial inequalities among the minorities and other persons who face increased injustice among the police officers.
The police should never ignore the negative ideas of people with the law enforcement units. For example, there are people with evidence of certain police departments who had institutionalized the racial discrimination aspects. Civil right leaders explained that most police officers should understand the history of racial inequalities in the United States and take proper action to change their attitude (Wu, Lake, & Cao, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). The police should be able to understand there is legitimate mistrust of the police by the communities because of racial laws that hurts certain communities significantly than others.
The second perspective is the failure of the law enforcement agencies to improve trust with the low income urban communities. The perception of the implementation of laws has been a huge concern in the control and the prevention of crimes in the society. The negative views about the criminal justice systems leads to legal cynicism whereby residents do not work with the police and do not report the crimes occurring in the society. The low income urban communities with high rates of legal cynicism have high level of crimes rates and low level of efficiency (Wu, et al., 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). A self-reinforcing and promoting process of noncooperation of residents undermines the process of law enforcement towards viewing people as supportive to the crime problems. On the other hand, the residents usually perceive the police officers as ineffective and biased. The testing of the police is usually critical in understanding the lack of trust among the residents in the low income neighborhoods.
In this perspective, the police officers should be concerned about the race relations. Smith and Holmes (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay) records that there is a huge concern about the race relations in the United States as more blacks than the whites are concerned about the performance of the law enforcement engagements. The adverse racial relations also hurt health care, economic issues, and violence in the states. The law enforcement agencies should come up with proper awareness programs to heal the racial divide in the society. It is clear that the blacks do not have the trust of the police due to the reported cases of discrimination by some police officers. The police leaders should show their commitment and efforts in dealing with the rouge police officers who discriminate upon the minority communities.
Smith and Holmes (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay) also recorded race as a serious problem that undermines the trust levels within the society. However, the race problem is tied to other problems such as the increased usage of drugs and low socioeconomic status. Most minority communities lives in poverty and often engage in crimes to improve their earnings potential. The law enforcement organizations should be able to relate well with the minority communities. Historically, the race relations have remained as key deterrents to improved engagements between the minority communities and the police officers.
The police relations with the urban minority communities have been worsening for many years. The law enforcement officials are unable to promote equal protection on the based the U.S laws and legislations. For police officers units, they should be convicted if they are involved in the unjustified way. Black people have mainly resorted into protests to highlight their anger against the poor treatment by the police officers. The criminal justice systems should be improved to ensure that the level of police brutality is countered well. Social actions should be taken in improving the level of community engagements in the law enforcement agencies. The police officers must have residence in the cities they work and patrol. Through such an action, the police would be able to live with the minority people and share social amenities. The residence in the neighborhoods is useful in promoting community engagements and expansion. The police officers should ensure that they create proper profiles to promote safety and protection of the people interests.
It is important to perform advanced cultural and sensitivity training among the varied aspects. Such measures are useful in protecting the stakeholders in the society well. The building of trust and repair of racial divide and engagement with the police remains vital in eliminating the potential flaws and injustices within the police. All injustices must be addressed well to promote peaceful engagement and changes in the urban minority communities. Largely, the local law enforcement organizations should define and improve the peaceful coexistence and engagements in a better way. Both strategies should be taken in retaining long term engagements and actions about creating and maintaining trustful relationships.
Section 3: Literature Review
According to a research work by Brunson and Gau (2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service), it found out that the U.S law enforcement officials have been unable to capture perceptions of the communities. Through the surveys conducted, it was determined that the proper understanding of perceptions of the police officers is linked with the perceptions of the safety and community welfare. For example, the element of procedural justice is critical in promoting public awareness about the police shootings of its community residents. The element of procedural justice usually comprises of four beliefs on the perspective of the residents including that people should have a voice while engaging with the police, the police must be trustworthy, the legalizations should be fair and followed, and the police officers must implement the laws failure (Brunson & Gau, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). In real life perspective, when the police conduct their work in a fair procedure, they increase the opportunity for the people to have influence and say in their lives. It also helps in treating the minority people with respect and dignity.
Most importantly, Peck (2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service) explains to the people the reasons for the actions and decisions being taken against them. In most occasions, the police officers do not engage the public well on their actions that undermines the transparency required to promote trust within the public in the minority areas. The last aspect of procedural justice is promoting fairness and impartiality in the engagements with the minority people. In spite of the procedural justice, the community perceptions also undermine the role and success of law enforcement among the minority dominated communities (Gau, & Brunson, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). When there is negative perception about the police’s performance, the communities would lack the trust with the law enforcement organizations. The mistrust of the low income communities with the law enforcement is increased by police brutality and bias.
According to an empirical research by Eitle, D’Alessio and Stolzenberg (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay), the increased cases of public shootings of police officers and people of color demanded for swift actions to improve the relationships between the police officers and the black community. The empirical findings recommended foe the implementation of co-screening of police by the people and promote the evaluation and promotion aspects based on the frequency of the community engagements and reduction of crimes (Eitle, et al., 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). For example, cities such as New Orleans and Washington they have engaged in community engagements of the law enforcement officials and the minority groups offering strong racial healing through the acknowledgment of historical responsibility of policing in the establishment of racial inequalities.
Apart from the efforts by the cities, elected persons are taking additional efforts to strength the relationships between the local communities and the police officers. Smith and Holmes (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay) determines that there are five areas to improve law enforcement engagement with the community includes the engagements of the community in oversight and planning, expansion of the police training, growing youth development, the connection of the residents to quality resources, and the building of personal interactions between the police officers and the communities. The engagements of the community in planning and improved oversight are useful in creating of comprehensive violence prevention actions. Agreements are useful in promoting the sharing of data and expanding prevention plans (Smith & Holmes, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). The establishment of success metrics is useful in understanding the critical strategies necessary to improve trust among the communities and the law enforcement officials. Other aspects of community engagement are the creation of sharing plans with trusted stakeholders in the community.
Tyler, Fagan and Geller (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay) shows the need for growing training and support of police units would also assists in growing the understanding of the community culture and reducing minority bias by the police officers. Some of the training programs include cultural competency training, implicit bias programs, and training of the police officers as well as the recruitment of the minority police officers. The empirical research also insists on the need to invest in youth development through police academy, cadet program and safety campaigns among others. In addition, Tyler et al. (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay) determined that the strong relationships between the communities and police units are critical in promoting public safety and quality policing. Law enforcement officers mainly relies on the cooperation of the communities in getting information about potential crimes and work with the law enforcement officers in creating proper strategies to deal with crime problems. The research also confirmed that the willingness of the community to trust the police relies on whether the community believes in the police strategies reflecting the community values and promotes the principles of legitimacy and procedural peace.
An empirical study by Weitzer (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay) emphasized on the need of promoting transparency and accountability in the law enforcement engagements with the public. The police officers should always be transparent with the public, more so in the minority communities. When incidents occur, the law enforcement agencies should provide all information possible to the community and should not make the communities think that they are hiding some information. The police officers should also clarify the initial information that might be available is only preliminary and it might change with time. Police leaders should also continually clarify any further changes and modification of information. On a daily basis, the police units should provide information on the websites summarizing the policies used by the units, addressing community complaints and other concerns.
Greene (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay) recommended that policing should embrace a culture of transparency and accountability critical in reviewing the posting information on the websites. The assessment of the websites’ information is important in shaping the reporting of crimes and other law enforcement information based on the demographics. The law enforcement agencies should obtain accreditation from the accreditation agencies to show their commitment in promoting excellence among the law enforcement units (Greene, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). Improving trust with the communities also focuses on creating proper measures for external oversight including the external review boards on the internal activities of the law enforcement units.
Most importantly, Weitzer (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay) recommends the importance of taking proper steps and measures in reducing the level of bias as well as improving the cultural competency. Most civil rights organizations and police units recommend police officers at the different levels must obtain training on bias, cultural competency, and diversity aspects. Most cities and organizations comprises of communities with diverse racial and ethnic cultures to communicate the clear cultural norms on the diverse groups. The police units offer proper training on implicit bias and the nature of cultural responsiveness.
Potential Policy Recommendations
To deal with the mistrust between the law enforcement and the urban minority communities, various policy recommendations can be implemented accordingly. The first policy action is the creation of specific guidelines for the policy departments to deal with the mistrust and conflicts with the minority communities. The training of the specific guidelines and programs for the law enforcement officials is useful in promoting cohesion in the society. The training practices usually give the police officials’ proper guidelines to align with the various incidents and come up with actions to resolve the problems. However, training cannot be able to change the emotional attitude relating to the race and policing programs (Wolfe, Nix, Kaminski, & Rojek, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). Currently, the police training should be focused on informing the police officers about the legal backgrounds, procedures, and proper police tactics. The training programs should be focused on informing the police officers about the historical guidelines to communications training. Such trainings would be useful in reducing the vulnerability of law enforcement engagements with the low income urban minority communities.
Other police reforms that should be implemented in promoting trust between the police and minorities includes the creation of community policy initiatives in the society. The community policy programs helps in promoting the close interactions and the communication with the urban minority people. Community policy depends on the collaboration with the varied stakeholders including business and other local people to promote proactive approaches to reduce and prevent crimes and social disorders. According to Wolfe et al. (2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online), the use of community policing would help in promoting community responsiveness to safety issues raised by the law enforcement agencies. For example, the police officers would be able to become more responsible in dealing with the inappropriate behavior within the community. Largely, the minority groups have been unable to engage the police well due to the lack of proper ways of communications. However, the community policy programs would help in improving the local trust between the neighborhoods and the law enforcement officials. It is also recommendable to offer incentives to the police working in the urban neighborhoods with minority communities. The incentives would help the police to become motivated to work with the minority groups well.
Most importantly, the demand for departments to hire more qualified minority officers is useful in reducing the challenges of policing in the low income minority communities. The minority officers would be involved in promoting trust and proper engagements with their local communities. At times, it is difficult to engage the minority communities well due to the lack of people who they can relate with well. The hiring of the qualified minority officers would help in reducing prejudice and promoting the trust between the local minority communities and the law enforcement officers (Lerman & Weaver, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). Other policy recommendations and changes would be to require all the police officers to take racial bias education and training. Such trainings would be useful in promoting the growth of acceptance and lowering the racial tensions between the minorities and the police officers.
It is also necessary for the police executives to reduce the potential bias and improve the level of cultural competency. The police executives are useful in recommending all police offices to obtain training on diversity and cultural competency. Most cities have communities with diverse racial and ethnic cultures useful in communicating effectively to understand the cultural values and norms of the diverse groups (Wu, et al., 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). It is useful in recommending the police units to offer quality recruit training and in-service programs on cultural responsiveness. The proper maintenance of collaboration is critical within the communities. Most people should engage with the police on the various contexts. Such situations could lead to the creation of negative relationships with the police engagements.
Getting opportunities to engage with the community residents is a good approach in reducing the level of bias. The empirical suggestion by Tyler et al (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay) is useful in ensuring that the residents eliminate the personal problems and overcoming the stereotypes. Police units must document the law-abiding people among the low income units when the police are suspicious. The personal engagements between the community members and police officials are useful in creating good mutual trust that is useful in addressing problems and lowering crimes (Gau, & Brunson, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). The police officials should work with the community and other local government units to promote the active involvement of police officers to improve peace and cohesion. For example, the police officers could engage in peace marches and other events that bring them close to the communities.
Finally, it is recommendable to promote the level of internal diversity and support professional growth opportunities. Police agencies must present policing as the right profession that supports the recruitment of people with the realistic opportunity to counter police mistrust with the communities (Wolfe, et al., 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). The police agencies must improve their efforts in the recruitment and promotional process that supports the overall diversity of the units by the varied agencies. The internal efforts helps to deal with the limitations associated with the mistrust by the minority people. For example, the promotional strategy of police organizations must ensure that diverse police officers get opportunity to lead the agencies. The internal processes of the police departments relating to recruitment, promotions, and other aspects must be fair and transparent.

Conclusion
In summary, there has been an historical mistrust between the law enforcement agencies and the urban minority communities. The local isolation from the law enforcement agencies and units develops a huge concern in promoting security in the urban minority communities. On an individual perspective, the vulnerability of racial and ethnic vulnerability of the minority people is recorded by the increased cases of deaths and incarceration of the minority people in the U.S states. For many years, the law enforcement officials must continue to face hostility and lack of trust from the communities. In most occasions, police officers have been killed by the minority communities determining the high level of crimes and lack of support for the law enforcement officials. Some of the policy recommendations to deal with the mistrust of the law enforcement officials include creating improved level of internal diversity and support professional growth opportunities. The police agencies must improve their programs of the recruitment and promotional process that supports the overall diversity of the units by the varied agencies. It is also recommendable for the police executives to reduce the potential bias and improve the level of cultural competency. Other police reforms include the establishment of community policy initiatives in the society. Community policy depends on the collaboration with the varied stakeholders including business and local citizens to enhance proactive strategies to reduce and prevent crimes.

References
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Eitle, D., D’Alessio, S. J., & Stolzenberg, L. (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). The effect of organizational and environmental factors on police misconduct. Police Quarterly, 17(2), 103-126.
Gau, J. M., & Brunson, R. K. (2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). Procedural injustice, lost legitimacy, and self-help: Young males’ adaptations to perceived unfairness in urban policing tactics. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 31(2), 132-150.
Greene, J. R. (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). New directions in policing: Balancing prediction and meaning in police research. Justice Quarterly, 31(2), 193-228.
Lerman, A. E., & Weaver, V. (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). Staying out of sight? Concentrated policing and local political action. The ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 651(1), 202-219.
Peck, J. H. (2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). Minority perceptions of the police: A state-of-the-art review. Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies & Get research paper samples and course-specific study resources under   homework for you course hero writing service – Manage ment, 38(1), 173-203.
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Tyler, T. R., Fagan, J., & Geller, A. (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). Street stops and police legitimacy: Teachable moments in young urban men’s legal socialization. Journal of Empirical Legal Studies, 11(4), 751-785.
Van Craen, M. (2013). Explaining majority and minority trust in the police. Justice Quarterly, 30(6), 1042-1067.
Weitzer, R. (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). The puzzling neglect of Hispanic Americans in research on police–citizen relations. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 37(11), 1995-2013.
Wolfe, S. E., Nix, J., Kaminski, R., & Rojek, J. (2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). Is the effect of procedural justice on police legitimacy invariant? Testing the generality of procedural justice and competing antecedents of legitimacy. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 32(2), 253-282.
Wu, Y., Lake, R., & Cao, L. (2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). Race, social bonds, and juvenile attitudes toward the police. Justice Quarterly, 32(3), 445-470.

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