Posted: September 7th, 2022

LUTON PROFILE

Luton Profile
Introduction
Public health allows for the profiling of a community as it is directly correlated to the well-being of individuals, groups, and entire communities. In this paper, the short and long community profiles for Luton will be analyzed. First, a background of the terms used in this paper will be defined and explained, including community health needs assessment, community health profile, and monitoring and surveillance systems as well as their influence on public health. After provision of the background, the community health profile for Luton, both long and short ones, will be summarized and discussed, drawing the implications from the findings. A conclusion will be formulated on the basis of the analysis.
Background
Community health needs assessment “is a process that helps in providing a description of the health status of a locality, and allows public health experts to identify existing health risk factors, what causes diseases and morbidity conditions, and settles on remedial measures to curb the conditions” (Pennel et al. 2017; Hebert-Beirne et al. 2017). Importantly, the assessment is not a one-time activity, as it requires continuous development, signifying the need for expanding and amending it over time (Gutilla, Hewitt, & Cooper 2017). Community health needs assessment helps public health officials use the information gathered to plan for healthcare in the public domain through the adoption of health programs in the future. The main steps of conducting a community health assessment are profiling, making decisions on healthcare priorities, planning for public health programs, implementing the planned remedial measures, and lastly, evaluating the health outcomes.
Community health profile is a compilation of health information about a given community. The profile data is representative of the community’s health parameters (Jack & Holt 2013). A community can be a locality within a county, multi-county region, or even a tribe. After the health assessment of a community, a profile for the community will be developed outlining the health status. The community health information can be inclusive of data that have already been collected and published about a specific community or health information collected by individuals or organizations creating the community profile (Groseclose & Buckeridge 2017). The assessment typically covers entire communities encompassing a broad range of data. Community health profile covers population/demographics, community, and economic information and data.
Monitoring and surveillance systems help in assessing the community efforts pertaining to health of the community and implemented initiatives. These systems are essential in community health needs assessments since they contribute to data and information which are necessary to assess and characterize the distribution and burden of adverse health events, monitor the impact of control measures, prioritize public health actions as well as the identify emerging health issues and conditions that may impact the health of the population in a locality (Calba et al. 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service; Groseclose & Buckeridgem 2017). As such, monitoring and surveillance systems significantly influence the efficiency of public health systems.
Community Health Profile: Luton
Population Health Indicators
Demographically, Luton’s population was 108,000 for males and 106,000 for females, bringing the total to 215,000 in 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service. The projected population in 2020 was 117,000 for males and 112,000 for females, bringing 229,000 of the total population projection. The percentage of ethnic minority groups is 41.6% for males and 40% for females, and the total number of members of ethnic minorities is 40.8%. The dependency ratio is 57.2%. In comparison with entire England, Figure 1 below summarizes the Luton’s profile.

Figure 1: Luton’s population summary characteristics. Source: Public Health England (2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online).
The key demographics by age group and percentage were under 16 (24.2%), between 16 and 24 (11.1%), between 25 and 64 (52.4%), between 65 and 84 (10.6%), and those aged 85 and above (1.7%) (Public Health England, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). This information implies that most individuals are adults and the least are the elderly. Regarding ethnicity and language, diversity is evident. Black and minority ethnic (BME) population is 92,122 (45.3%) compared to England’s 7,731,314 (14.6%). Population whose ethnicity is not “White UK” is 112,621 (55.4%) compared to England’s 10,733,220 (20.2%) (Public Health England, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). The population unable to speak English well or at all is 10,476 (5.4%) compared to England’s 843,845 (1.7%). These facts imply that a population that is not designated “White UK” is the majority while those who cannot speak English well or at all are the minority.
Deprivation
Deprivation measures provided by the Public Health England show that there is a range of most deprived individuals and those who are least deprived. According to the deprivation map shown in Figure 2 below, most individuals in Luton are deprived.

Figure 2: Deprivation profile in England compared to Luton’s locality. Source: Public Health England (2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online).
The key measures for deprivation include an IMD 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service score of 27.6 compared to England’s 21.8. The income deprivation in 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service was 17.8% compared to England’s 14.6%. Child poverty was capped at 23.7% in comparison to 19.9% in entire England (Public Health England, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). Other people in deprivation were 21.3% compared to England’s 16.2%. For child development and education indicators, the following values are reported by Public Health England (2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online): (a) child development at age 5 was 52.2% compared to England’s 60.4%; (b) GCSE achievement was at 54.5$ compared to England’s average of 56.6%.
Unemployment indicators showed a 1.9% rate of unemployment based on JSA claimants in Luton compared to 1.9% in England every month. Long-term employment for Luton was 3.9/1,000 compared to England’s 3.6/1,000. Housing and living environment indicators fueling poverty in 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online was 11.8% compared to England’s 11.1%. Pensioners living alone were 30% in Luton compared to 31.5% in England.
Life Expectancy
Expectancy of life is influenced by deprivation as the latter leads to lower expectancy and vice versa. Figure 3 below shows life expectancy and its relation to inequalities in Luton’s locality for females and males. The data are divided into local deciles by deprivation, from the most deprived individuals to the least deprived decile, located on the right part of the chart.

Figure 3: Life expectancy versus inequality in Luton. Source: Public Health England (2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online).
Men and women’s healthy life and general life expectancy is low likened to average for England. A similar trend is observed for the disability-free expectancy at birth.
Health Inequalities
Regarding health inequalities, it is vital to highlight the inequalities over time. In Figure 4, the changes in early death rates for individuals aged under 75 are revealed. Early deaths emanate from all causes and show the underlying differences between the least and most deprived local quintiles in Luton. The data are from 2010 – Essay Writing Service: Write My Essay by Top-Notch Writer-2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service. Custom Essay Services Cheap onwards. Areas are grouped into deprivation quintiles using the Index of Multiple Deprivation (IMD), which closely aligns with the period for the data, hence providing an accurate way of showing differences in changes between similarly deprived areas in the period covered.

Figure 4: Health inequalities and changes over time. Source: Public Health England (2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online).
Causes of deaths, particularly cancer and circulatory diseases among those aged below 75 were significantly worse in Luton compared to England. Besides, for all ages, causes of deaths that were significantly worse than in England included all causes, all cancer types, all circulatory diseases, coronary heart disease, respiratory diseases, and causes considered preventable, with the only exception being stroke.
Ace my homework – Write my paper – Online assignment help tutors – Discussion
Figure 5 below provides a summary of the health of Luton’s people in comparison to the rest of England. Red circle implies that Luton faces a significantly worse situation in comparison to the entire health data for England for that particular indicator, while a green circle shows a vital public health issue.

Figure 4: The health summary for Luton. Source: Public Health England (2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online).
According to figure 4, Luton’s people have varied health status compared with the England’s average. This information reveals that Luton is one of the 20% most deprived unitary authorities, and about 25% (a total of 1,200) of children generally live in low-income families. Besides, life expectancy is worse for Luton in comparison to England’s average value. There are health inequalities in Luton since the life expectancy is about 11.6 years lower for men in comparison to that of women at 5.3 years in areas of Luton with most deprivation compared to the least deprived areas (Public Health England, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). Most children have been classified as obese, at 24.7%, which is worse than the average for England.
Furthermore, the rate of alcohol-related stays in hospitals among those aged 18 and below is 16/100,000, which is better compared to the average of England (Public Health England, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). This indicator is representative of nine stays annually. Besides, the levels of GCSE attainments and smoking during delivery are worse in comparison to the average for England. The adult health also leads to concerns since the rate of alcohol-specific harm hospital stays is 697/100,000, which implies that it is worse compared to the average for England, which is representative of 1254 stays annually (Public Health England, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). The rate of self-harm hospital stays is 161/100,000, which means it is better than the average for England, which translates to 365 stays yearly. Smoking-related deaths are 287/100,000, which represents 238 deaths annually (Public Health England, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). Besides, TB is worse in comparison to England’s average. Hip fracture rates and those of people killed and seriously injured on roads are surprisingly better compared to England average. The rates of statutory homelessness, early deaths from heart-related diseases, and homelessness are worse than England’s average.
Implications of the Findings of the Profile
The profile highlights several public health needs priorities in the community. They have been highlighted in red in Figure 5. Essentially, the priorities in red are worse in comparison to England’s average. Under the “our communities” domain, they include children under 16 in low-income families, GCBEs achieved, and violent crime (Public Health England, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). Within “children and young people’s health” domain, problematic areas are smoking during delivery and child obesity. There are no major priorities under the “adults’ health and lifestyle” domain (Public Health England, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). Regarding the “diseases and poor health” domain, the priorities are hospital stays for alcohol-specific harm, recorded diabetes, and incidence of TB. Under the “life expectancy and causes of death” domain, the priorities are life expectancy at birth for both male and female as well as under-75 mortality rate due to cardiovascular-related illnesses.
As such, from the profile, it is clear that vulnerable and disadvantaged groups include children raised in low-income families, obese children, pregnant women who smoke, people who abuse alcohol, diabetic patients, TB patients, the elderly with cardiovascular illnesses, and newborns due to low life expectancy. Essentially, these are groups who are directly affected by the priority health needs in Luton.
Public need is an essential concept in public health as it is utilized to plan and manage health services, including resource allocation, health improvement, and equity (Pleasant et al. 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). According to Bradshaw’s taxonomy of need, there are four types of need: normative needs, felt, expressed, and comparative one (Beresford & Carr 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). The normative needs are typically defined by experts as not absolute as different standards can be used by different public health experts. Felt needs are perceived by individuals but are limited to personal perceptions and knowledge of public health services. An expressed need is an actionable felt need. Comparative needs help compare two subjects, localities, or groups. As such, from Bradshaw’s taxonomy of needs, it can be derived that these types of public needs are comparative needs since they highlight inequalities of public health needs provision in Luton vis-à-vis England.
The gaps in public health needs in Luton should, therefore, be bridged accordingly to rise above the average assessment for England. The specific needs include help for low-income families to meet basic needs, education of families and children on how to control obesity by exercising, and education of pregnant women on the dangers of smoking. Education and literacy help curb health issues (Batterham et al. 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). Other aspects include providing information on dangers of abusing alcohol, controlling diabetes and TB, providing better cardiovascular-related knowledge, and investing in maternal services to minimize the death of newborns.
The demographic transition theory assumes that there is a universal linear model for change, which is driven by development (Nielsen, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). The phases of the linear model are equilibrium period, with low population growth, early expanding phase, where there is a significant acceleration of population growth, the late expanding phase where growth starts to fall, and low equilibrium period where mortality falls and life expectancy for those aged above 75 rises (Gould 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). As such, in the later stage, the numbers have to be brought down and reduce mortality rates for the elderly in Luton. Epidemiological transition model advocates for a shift in recorded deaths due to morbid conditions, and thus, mortality rates due to the priorities brought down, particularly on diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and newborns (Mercer 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online; McCracken & Phillips 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). Nutrition transitions call for improvement of health (Drewnowski 2017). The transition can be achieved by adopting proper nutritional standards, which can be helpful in Luton to reduce the number of obese children by advocating balanced diets and avoidance of junk foods correlated to obesity.
The community-based asset development approach (ABCD) allows for sustainability in community-driven development by mobilizing the community (institutions, individuals, and associations) to link micro-assets to the macro environment (Daly & Westwood 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). It can drive the developmental process in the community through the identification and mobilization of existing and unrecognized assets (South et al. 2019: 2024 – Online Assignment Homework Writing Help Service By Expert Research Writers). ABCD focuses on community assets and strengths, mobilizing the community and individual passions, skills, and assets, and community and relationship drive (Henry 2013). Based on Luton’s profile, the community can capitalize on integrated care systems, primary care units, personalized care, and digital technology to help curb the red flags and bridge the priorities in the locality. For example, individuals can share information and educate each other on how to avoid obesity by physical exercises and proper diet, while local authorities can step up their education on dangers of smoking (Phillips 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). The healthcare institutions can invest in technology to provide high-quality healthcare, thereby minimizing the mortality rates for both the elderly and newborns. These points should be added in the future profiles and health assessments to ensure that the community assets are effectively used to enhance the health indicators of Luton.
Conclusion
In conclusion, from Luton’s community profile, there are limitations due to existence of vulnerable and disadvantaged groups, including children raised in low-income families, obese children, pregnant women who smoke, people who abuse alcohol, diabetic patients, TB patients, the elderly with cardiovascular illnesses, and newborns due to low life expectancy. Therefore, these needs should be bridged by capitalizing on the assets of the community, including integrated care systems, primary care units, personalized care, and digital technology, which are vital assets in improving public health in Luton. Additional information that would be essential in further understanding the local needs of the community includes the addition of more profiles for such conditions as sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), housing, such as physical characteristics of housing, physical environment (air and water quality, infestations, food quality, pollution, water and sewerage services) as well as public health policies and services. These steps will help to better understand the local needs in Luton.

Reference List
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