Posted: January 21st, 2024

In what ways do the Reconstruction Amendments redefine citizenship

The discussion questions listed below are directly related to Module Learning Objectives (MLOs) for this Module and to Course Learning Objectives (CLOs). Ace my homework – Write my paper – Online assignment help tutors – Discussion Question Response posts must develop an argument that answers the questions posed, relate it to the course material [lecture materials, primary sources and textbook readings] as evidence, engage with your peers’ answer and reasoning, and meet the expectations for spelling, grammar, length, and citations.

All citations in history use Turabian Manual of Style, the Chicago citation quick guide for student research papers. The Author-Date citations are sufficient for discussion questions. I need help writing my essay – research paper be sure to use the Ace my homework – Write my paper – Online assignment help tutors – Discussion Board Rubric as you craft your responses to the questions and to your two (2) classmates. This rubric will be used to grade your responses.

Instructions:
I need help writing my essay – research paper choose a discussion question and post your response to that question. Then respond to two (2) of your peers’ responses. Your response to the question is due on Friday, January 19 at 11:59 PM; your responses to your TWO (2) classmates’ posts are due by Monday, January 22 at 11:59 AM (NOTE: This is MORNING, BEFORE class). I need help writing my essay – research paper use the rubric provided as you answer the question and respond to your classmates; it will be used to grade your responses. Be sure to include proper citations to the materials, especially your textbook readings and the lecture PowerPoints, and other resources posted here that you may use. Your posts should meet minimal word counts (250-300 words to answer your question and 150-200 words to respond to your classmates).

VIDEO: Historian Eric Foner on Reconstruction: America’s Unfinished Revolution (2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online) [37:11]

VIDEO: Eric Foner on Reconstruction, House Divided Studio (2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online) [2:42]

In what ways do the Reconstruction Amendments redefine citizenship and equality in the U.S.? List each Amendment in your discussion. Also, what is birthright citizenship and why is it important?
The women’s movement in America began in earnest during the fight over the right to vote which pit Northern white women against African American men. Explain the issues that were present during the debates over this issue. Also, explain why the women’s movement split into two separate national organizations in part because of this fight.
By what methods did southern whites seek to limit African American civil rights and liberties during Reconstruction? How did the federal government respond? How did the failure of land and labor reform lead to new forms of servitude for Black southerners during and after Reconstruction?
How did Black families, churches, schools, and other institutions contribute to the development of African American culture and political activism during Reconstruction?
Limiting Civil Rights During Reconstruction:
Methods Employed by Southern Whites and the Federal Response
Introduction
The period following the American Civil War known as Reconstruction was an attempt to integrate the formerly enslaved population of African Americans into citizenship and civil society in the post-bellum South. However, white southerners resisted granting full rights and equality to freed Black citizens through discriminatory policies and violence. This paper will examine the methods used by southern whites to limit African American civil rights during Reconstruction, the federal government’s the methods used by southern whites to limit African American civil rights during Reconstruction, the federal government’s response, and how the failure of land reform led to new forms of servitude for Black southerners.
Black Codes and Civil Rights Legislation
One of the primary methods southern states employed to curb Black civil liberties was enacting Black Codes shortly after the Civil War ended. These discriminatory laws placed restrictions on freedmen’s ability to own or rent property, form contracts, and move freely about the state (Foner, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). In essence, the Black Codes replicated many conditions of slavery by limiting the economic independence and mobility of African Americans.
In response, Congress passed the Civil Rights Act of 1866 to guarantee all citizens equal rights under law regardless of race or previous condition of servitude (Foner, 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). This was the first federal statute defining citizenship and prohibiting racial discrimination (Legal Information Institute, n.d.). Two years later, the 14th Amendment was ratified to extend birthright citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the U.S., including former slaves, and prohibit states from denying any person “life, liberty, or property, without due process of law” or denying anyone “equal protection of the laws” (Cornell Law School, n.d.). Finally, the 15th Amendment was ratified in 1870 to prohibit the denial of suffrage based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude, seeking to secure voting rights for Black men (National Archives, n.d.).
Failure of Land Reform and Emergence of Sharecropping
While civil rights legislation countered racist Black Codes, the failure to implement meaningful land reform had long-lasting consequences for freedmen. Without an economic base of their own through land ownership, the vast majority of Black southerners had little choice but to continue working the same lands they had as slaves, now under oppressive sharecropping contracts (Oubre, 1978). Under this system, tenants lived in poverty while being tied to the land through near-insurmountable debt to white landowners (Woodman, 1997). In effect, sharecropping replicated the lack of autonomy, low pay, and dependence on whites that had characterized slavery (Litwack, 1998). The federal government’s failure to provide “40 acres and a mule” to freedmen as promised left the door open for this quasi-feudal labor system to emerge across the postbellum South (National Park Service, n.d.).
Conclusion
In conclusion, southern whites employed discriminatory Black Codes and violence to curb the civil rights of freedmen during Reconstruction. The federal government took steps to counter this through civil rights legislation like the Civil Rights Act of 1866, 14th Amendment, and 15th Amendment. However, without meaningful land reform, the vast majority of freedmen had little choice but to continue working under oppressive sharecropping contracts that led to new forms of servitude. The failure of Reconstruction to fully integrate freed slaves into citizenship and civil society through land ownership had long-lasting consequences that persisted long after the withdrawal of federal troops from the South in the late 1870s.
References
Cornell Law School. (n.d.). Fourteenth amendment to the U.S. constitution: Primary documents in American history. https://www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/amendmentxiv
Foner, E. (2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online, October 11). Eric Foner on reconstruction, house divided studio [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSkUxUD6xQo

Foner, E. (2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). Historian eric foner on reconstruction: America’s unfinished revolution [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sSkUxUD6xQo
Legal Information Institute. (n.d.). Civil rights act of 1866. Cornell Law School. https://www.law.cornell.edu/wex/civil_rights_act_of_1866
Litwack, L. F. (1998). Trouble in mind: Black southerners in the age of Jim Crow. Vintage Books.
National Archives. (n.d.). 15th amendment to the U.S. constitution: Primary documents of American history. https://www.archives.gov/milestone-documents/15th-amendment
National Park Service. (n.d.). The promise of “40 acres and a mule.” https://www.nps.gov/articles/the-promise-of-40-acres-and-a-mule.htm
Oubre, C. F. (1978). Forty acres and a mule: The freedmen’s bureau and black land ownership. Louisiana State University Press.
Woodman, H. D. (1997). New South—new law: The legal foundations of credit and labor relations in the postbellum agricultural South. Louisiana State University Press.

Order | Check Discount