Posted: March 3rd, 2022

BCJ 565 Terrorism and Homeland Security Final Exam Answers Part 1

BCJ 565 Terrorism and Homeland Security Final Exam Answers Part 1

Final Exam

Exam ID: 103b78c0-52a1-44bc-b6a0-eb5a3253650f

Conflict and Marxist theories are considered ______ perspectives.

constructivist

relativist

normalist

positivist

A ______ status refers to the status that shapes perception and behaviors of those around you and is considered the most important status.

primary

master

ruling

finite

Which of the following focuses on groups or individuals who are assumed to be more “at risk” for deviant behavior?

normative conception

prevention programs

positivist perspective

folkways

Which social disorganization theorist explored conceptualizations of individual versus collective efficacy?

Darwin

Sampson

Sutherland

Merton

Which of the following terms describes an individual who becomes involved in deviance as a sequence of events?

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deviant careers

career deviance

short-term deviance

long-term deviance

Akers found that social learning variables were predictive of the use of which substances in his 1998 self-report study?

heroin and methamphetamine

smoking and alcohol

alcohol and marijuana

cocaine and heroin

Which of the following is an example of workplace deviance?

having a few drinks the night before you work

arriving at work 15 minutes prior to your shift

calling in sick when you are not really sick

asking for time off to see a doctor

According to the text, the Internet has helped facilitate the transformation of ______ from a psychological phenomenon into something sociological.

anorexics and bulimics

homosexual couples

self-injurers

voluntarily childless

The ideal body type is an example of anomie/strain because ______.

the ideal body type creates an unrealistic expectation among members of society

the ideal body type is attained in illegal ways

the ideal body type is representative of the norm and lacks diversity

the ideal body type is too easily attained

Which of the following is TRUE regarding random assignment?

Random assignment ensures that any differences following the intervention or “experimental” stimulus must have been caused by the intervention.

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Random assignment ensures that any similarities following the observational stimulus must have been an “effect” of the intervention.

Random assignment ensures that any discrepancies following the ethnographic observation must have been correlated with the intervention.

Random assignment ensures that any parallels between intervention and the “experimental” stimulus must be extremely high.

Which of the following is a criticism of labeling theories?

Labeling theories rarely have anything to say about individuals, only groups and places.

Rather than addressing why individuals commit acts of deviance, labeling theories focus on the circumstances under which one is judged as deviant.

There are forms of deviance that labeling theories would have a hard time explaining.

Labeling theory is tautological; that is, by definition, circular and not testable.

Both the Marxist and conflict theories operate from a ______ perspective.

global

micro

macro

meso

Which of the following risk factor domains for deviance onset would include rebelliousness of peers?

school

family

individual and peer

community

Random assignment is important in experimental research because ______.

it assures internal validity is maintained

it assures external validity is maintained

it is a snowball sampling technique

at root, it is the same as random selection

A pathway or line of development over a lifespan is referred to as a ______.

trajectory

transition

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development

pattern

Marxist and conflict theories differ in their definition of ______, in addition to the policy implications that stem from each theory.

economics

politics

power

deviance

______ is important in understanding deviance because it helps us systematically think about deviance and provides solutions to the problems we study.

Data

Hypothesis

Theory

Policy

All of the following are TRUE regarding spirituality and our understanding of crime, deviance, and desistance EXCEPT:

Quantitative analyses of these data lend no support to the idea that spirituality (closeness to God and church attendance) was related to desistance.

Spirituality is clearly something that will garner more theoretical and empirical attention as federal money is invested into faith-based approaches to reforming criminals and other deviants.

Spirituality, like other “hooks,” such as new relationships, occupations, and geographic moves away from “bad influences,” are also likely to be carefully studied both quantitatively and qualitatively in the future.

Quantitative and qualitative analyses both offer outstanding empirical support to the idea that spirituality is related to desistance.

Punishing those individuals who act outside of the accepted range of behavior serves the function of

______.

resocializing them into proper treatment

deterring others who might violate

moral affirmation or symbolism

rehabilitation

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Subjectively, problematic conceptions are also referred to as ______ and ______ perspectives.

normative; positivistic

normative; reactionist/relativist

social constructionist; normative

social constructionist; reactionist/relativist

Mores are defined as ______.

everyday norms and simple activities that do not cause a major disturbance if deviated

moral norms that may generate more outrage if broken

moral norms that will upset people and receive formal sanctions

norms backed by official or formal sanctions and are a deviation from norms understood by majority of a group

Which of the following statements pertaining to Venezuelan prisons is TRUE?

the prisons in Venezuela are considered to be the largest in the world

penal confinement is prescribed for all felony convictions

the use of probation as a sentence is high

family members do not have visiting rights

______ observation is a technique used in which the researchers identify themselves and avoid deception of the group being observed.

Covert

Overt

Participant

Laboratory

Patrick is a high school senior on track for a college baseball scholarship. He chooses not to drink at a party because he does not want to get caught and benched from his final season. This is an example of the ______ component of the social bond.

involvement

attachment

belief

commitment

A study that is praised for high internal validity would include which of the following elements?

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The subjects are randomly assigned and the only difference between conditions is that the researcher improvises everything in the moment.

The subjects are randomly assigned and the only difference between conditions is planned, controlled, and carried out consistently by the researcher.

The subjects are randomly found through a “snowball sampling” technique.

The subjects are not interacted with by the researcher and must be viewed from a one-way looking glass with the researcher on one side and the subject being viewed by the researcher on the other side.

According to the general theory of crime, the major cause of low self-control is ______.

bad parenting

peer socialization

delayed gratification

lack of education

According to the text, researchers have shown that differential association and social learning variables are predictive of ______.

psychological disorders

schizophrenia

sexual deviance

substance abuse

Which of the following was NOT a finding in Chambliss’s “The Saints and the Roughnecks” study?

Those who have less power find it difficult to resist labels.

Communities react differently to deviance depending on the group engaging in the deviant act.

Individuals accept the labels attached to them.

Individuals deny labels ascribed to them.

Turk (2002) argued that capitalist conflict is ______, meaning it is designed to keep workers focused on issues promoting division, competition, and us-versus-them mentalities.

beneficial

a construct

dialectical

diversionary

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The phrase, “leave the kids alone wherever possible,” BEST describes which policy for dealing with delinquent youths?

nonintervention

deinstitutionalization

restorative justice

reintegrative shaming

Shaw and McKay’s work on juveniles found that rates of delinquency ______.

appeared to cluster in certain neighborhoods

were lowest in neighborhoods in or around business and industrial areas

appeared to be distributed randomly across the neighborhoods

tend to decline as people moved closer to the central business district

The ______ philosophy allows battered women to experience “horizontal” justice, which is focused on the process of solving the problem.

conflict

peacemaking

critical race

liberal feminist

Which factors influence career deviance?

onset, conflict, resistance

continuation, conflict, resistance

onset, resistance, desistance

onset, continuation, desistance

According to power-control theory, ______ constitute the primary agents of socialization in families.

siblings

fathers

mothers

grandmothers

Which theorist introduced operant conditioning to social learning theories?

Edwin Sutherland

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Ronald Akers

Robert Merton

Gresham Sykes

Which population tends to be the focus of social learning theories?

drug addicts

juvenile delinquents

geriatric patients

newborns and toddlers

A researcher is conducting a quasi-experimental research design. Which sampling technique will he or she use?

random selection

random assignment

snowballing technique

nonrandom assignment

Experimental research examines a causal relationship which involves:

cause and impact

correlation and effect

cause and effect

correlation and impact

All of the following characteristics of social structure might affect social learning EXCEPT:

differential social organization

differential location in the social structure

statistically defined individual variables

differential social location in groups

A study of career deviance and deviant careers MUST include a study of ______.

how deviance changes over time

singular instances of deviance

the onset of deviance

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the desistance of deviancy

Which of the following pertaining to Scandinavian prisons is TRUE?

they are comparable to the prison systems in Latin America

there is no death penalty or life sentence

prisoners are not very likely to be released once institutionalized

prison cells in Halden, Norway are filthy

According to differential opportunity theory, ______ subcultures are considered “double failures,” because they cannot find legitimate or illegitimate subcultures to fit in.

conflict

criminal

consensus

retreatist

Marx believed that reality exists in the ______ world.

immaterial

economic

political

material

Which of the following is NOT recognized as a challenge to returning to society from serving time in an institution?

shock to a new system after being confined

consequentiality of felony records

stigma of being a convict by society

denial of rehabilitation access

______ feminists argue that pornography subordinates women to men, making women second-class citizens.

Critical-porn

Anti-porn

Pro-porn

Collective-porn

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______ institutions describe severe forms of social control, such as jails, prisons, juvenile correctional facilities, and mental hospitals.

Formal

Informal

Total

Modern

An interesting way to examine deviance is to look at it in which of the following contexts?

political

social

cultural

economical

Survey research typically asks questions regarding all of the following EXCEPT:

attitudes

behaviors

values

likes/dislikes

______ and trust between neighbors is seen as a necessary condition for residents to be willing to intervene for the common good.

Individual efficacy

Social cohesion

Social disorder

Loyalty

According to Hirschi, our MOST important attachment is probably to our ______.

friends

peers

parents

siblings

Which of the following theories could explain the effects of familial control on gender differences in crime?

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power-control theory

critical race theory

general theory of crime

self-control theory

______ level programs of deviance prevention provide opportunities and rewards for doing good deeds within a neighborhood.

Individual

Primary

Community

Peer

Which of the following branches of feminism focuses on gender role socialization?

postmodern feminism

socialist feminism

liberal feminism

radical feminism

Which of the following theorists introduced the ideas of integrative shaming and stigmatization effects of labeling in his piece “Crime, Shame and Reintegration” (1989)?

Tannebaum

Chambliss

Braithwaite

Scheff

Objectively, deviance assumes that a general set of ______ exist within a society that guides people’s actions and behaviors.

professions

activities

norms

official sanctions

What term does Karl Marx use to refer to the laborers of production?

bourgeoisie

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working class

proletariat

privileged

What types of social controls exist in society?

formal and informal

positive and negative

legal and illegal

pleasant and unpleasant

One can trace social control theory to the 18th century work of ______.

Karl Marx

Cesare Becarria

Cesare Lombroso

Travis Hirschi

Which of the following statements regarding labeling theories is TRUE?

Labeling is a macro-level perspective.

Symbolic interactionists advocate direct observation of the social world.

Labeling theorists argue that reactions to deviant behavior can be ignored.

In defining deviance, the reaction to the behavior or the person is not as important.

Rules of behavior that guide people’s actions are referred to as ______.

laws

folkways

mores

norms

In many cases, fraudulent doctor practices are aimed at ______.

religious institutions

elderly patients

insurance companies

other doctors

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Discrimination and stigma are examples of which factors that create barriers faced in desistance?

individual factors

relational factors

societal factors

structural factors

Limited support, strained families, pimps, and social isolation are examples of which factors that create barriers faced in desistance?

individual factors

relational factors

societal factors

structural factors

In order to study deviant behavior inductively, how do researchers BEST form a research question?

Researchers must systematically study the population first before creating a question.

Inductive reasoning includes studying people in controlled research labs.

A research question is formed from initial observations, followed by a scientific method after the initial observations.

Research questions are created through quantified facts obtained by researchers.

______ occurs when an individual is typically viewed as a good person, but they have just committed a bad deed.

Reintegrative shaming

Stigmatization

Residual shaming

Interpretive shaming

Early Chicago researchers believed that they could find the causes of crime in the ______.

family structure

economic conditions of the nation

structure of the environment

political environment

Many researchers have proven that ______ (also referred to as “faith-based approaches”) can be seen as a “hook”—something that someone involved in career deviance can grab a hold of to help

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them use their own human agency to open doors out of the lifestyle they wish to exit. a. collective efficacy

yoga

spirituality

learning a language

______ is known for questioning the status quo.

Feminist criminology

Biocriminology

Postmodern criminology

Peacemaking criminology

______ deviance is known to evoke stereotypes, such as stigma and discrimination.

Physical

Workplace

Criminal

Sexual

Beckett and Herbert view ______ as “an emerging and consequential social control practice. . .

[that] is consequential, even more so than the civility codes that they increasingly supplant.”

broken windows policing

banishment

reintegrative shaming

collective efficacy

The “gold standard” for determining causal relationships is what type of research?

participant observation research

field research

experimental research

content analysis research

According to Durkheim, all of the following key factors impact suicide rate variations EXCEPT:

regulation of society

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social integration

social change

demographic makeup

______ deviance is defined as “criminal and deviant acts by the largest corporations and the most powerful political organizations.”

Ethnocentric

Elite

Criminogenic

Corporate

Who is considered the father of sociology and an early contributor to anomie/strain theory?

Edwin Sutherland

Émile Durkheim

Robert Merton

Travis Hirschi

The authors use the ______ analogy to argue multiple theoretical approaches to understanding deviance exists.

hot dog

salad bar

tossed salad

ice-cream shop

How does labeling theory lead to secondary deviance?

Labeling alters an individual’s self-concept.

Secondary deviance restricts opportunities to conform.

Labeling creates limitless conforming opportunities.

Labeling discourages involvement in deviant subcultures.

The process by which nonmedical problems become defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of illnesses or disorders, is referred to as ______.

medicalization

construction

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demedicalization

deconstruction

Susan is a serious alcoholic that has abandoned society’s goals for success and has sought illegitimate means to make a living. Susan can be considered a(n) ______.

conformist

innovator

retreatist

rebel

______ research studies subjects in their natural setting, outside of a laboratory.

Content analysis

Quasi-experimental

Survey

Field

The process in which problems or behaviors no longer retain medical definitions is referred to as

______.

medicalization

construction

demedicalization

deconstruction

According to positivist/normative conceptions of deviance, deviance is defined as ______.

behaviors that illicit a definition or label of deviance

inherently deviant behaviors committed by criminals

critiques of the social system that exist and create such norms

violations of a rule understood by the majority of a group

Which of the following types of people resided in Shaw and McKay’s “zone in transition”?

wealthy

working class

educated citizens

recent immigrants

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Which of the following techniques would one use to argue that one’s behavior was a mistake or an accident?

the condemnation of the condemners

denial of responsibility

denial of victim

the appeal to higher loyalties

Which of the following theorists put social disorganization as a macro-level control theory where residents in neighborhoods characterized by poverty, population turnover, and racial/ethnic heterogeneity cannot control their environments and achieve common goals?

Clifford Shaw

Henry McKay

Ruth Kornhauser

Robert Agnew

Folkway norms are defined as ______.

every day norms that do not cause a major disturbance if deviated

moral norms that will upset people but do not face formal sanctions

moral norms that will upset people and receive formal sanctions

norms backed by official or formal sanctions and are a deviation from norms understood by the majority of a group

Which of the following is an assumption of anomie/strain theories?

Social order is a product of endless conflict and temporary resolution.

Norms are widely shared by a society and its members.

Laws establish social order.

Punishment is an appropriate response for deviance.

All of the following are examples of unconventional romantic relationships EXCEPT:

two 25-year-olds, male and female

two males

a very young girl with an older man

polygamists

At the turn of the 20th century, ______ were seen as the cause of social problems of the day.

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absent fathers

new immigrants

unwed mothers

homeless people

______ theories focus on practices and policies that alleviate structural conditions and improve services for the voiceless.

Religious

Peacemaking

Marxist

Feminist

Those advocating from a ______ perspective would say that, once Edward Snowden uncovered PRISM, the government should have disbanded the program outright because of its Fourth Amendment violations.

feminist

critical race

conflict

peacemaking

Which of the following is NOT an issue or concern encountered during survey research?

determining an appropriate sample size

determining the research question and topic

consideration of national surveys and breadth necessary

the possibility of a low response rate and applying it to results

From a social constructionist perspective, deviance is ______.

defined the same across multiple countries

defined the same by multiple societies and subcultures

a behavior that is inherently deviant

constructed based on interactions of those immediate to society and not inherent

Which theorist notably influenced Ron Akers’s four concepts of social learning theory?

Edwin Sutherland

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Robert Merton

Travis Hirschi

Gresham Sykes

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of social disorganization theories?

Criminology focuses on individuals while social disorganization focuses on groups and places over time.

Longitudinal data is expensive and difficult to collect, therefore this theory is limited.

Social disorganization theories are largely focused on juvenile delinquency and street crimes.

Social disorganization theories were not applied at the micro-level.

All of the following are considered principle elements of the looking-glass self EXCEPT:

the imagination of our appearance to another person

the imagination of judgment of our appearance

self-feeling, such as pride or mortification

conversations with oneself to decide whether or not to engage in deviance

Which of the following BEST describes a social contract?

a written agreement for behavior based on the norms

when individuals give up some personal freedoms and abide general rules of conduct

an agreement that is violated when one conforms to society’s expectations

an agreement that stipulates an agreed upon relationship between the signer and signee

Anomie/strain theories assume social order is ______.

a result of endless conflict and temporary resolution

established through laws imposed by upper classes

the product of a cohesive set of norms

impossible to attain

Research on deviance is often ______, focused on factors associated with how deviance is distributed across different groups or factors thought to be causes or consequences of deviance.

historical

experimental

descriptive

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quasi-experimental

Which theorist is known for developing differential association theory?

Robert Merton

Edwin Sutherland

Ronald Akers

Robert Burgess

Messner and Rosenfeld identified the values that underlie the American Dream as all of the following EXCEPT:

individualism

materialism

achievement

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