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Anaphylactic Shock essay
Anaphylactic Shock
Shock is when the cardiovascular system does not provide the body and its tissues with oxygenated blood. This disruption impairs cellular metabolism (Huether & McCance, 2017). The disruption of tissue perfusion can occur from anything that changes the volume of blood, blood pressure, or the function of the heart. If shock is not corrected, it can lead to organ failure and ultimately death (Huether & McCance, 2017). The body does possess compensatory mechanisms to counter the effects of shock, but clinical intervention must occur before the symptoms of shock progress (Huether & McCance, 2017).
Anaphylaxis
Anaphylactic shock is a type of distributive shock. In this type of shock, the skin is warm. This type of shock occurs due to exposure of an allergen. The body produces large amounts of histamine that cause vasodilation. Blood pressure will decrease although the volume of blood did not change. This is a result of the vascular system expansion (Hammer & McPhee, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay).
Common allergens that can lead to anaphylaxis are shellfish, insect stings or venom, peanuts, latex, and medications. The signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis are dizziness, anxiety, shortness of breath or difficulty breathing, hives, pruritis, swelling of lips and tongue, abdominal cramping, stridor, and wheezing (Huether & McCance, 2017).
Treatment
Anaphylactic shock can occur without warning and progresses rapidly. Due to the rapid nature and this risk of death treatment should be immediate. The patient should be removed from the allergen immediately. Next, the patient should be treated with intramuscular epinephrine treat airway constriction. Intravenous fluids should also be administered for hypovolemia (Huether & McCance, 2017). Antihistamines and corticosteroids to reverse or stop the inflammatory process. Vasopressor and bronchodilators may also be necessary in the treatment of anaphylaxis (Huether & McCance, 2017).
Patient Factors
Hypersensitivities to allergens occur due to inappropriate and sustained production of immunoglobulin E (IgE) as the body’s response to the allergen (Hammer & McPhee, 2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). One factor that affects hypersensitivity to an allergen is genetic predispositions. According to Hammer and McPhee (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay), there is a strong genetic disposition to allergies and atopic disease. In persons that are genetically predisposed to these allergens, it initiates a vigorous type I hypersensitivity reaction when exposed. Producing large amounts of IgE that degranulated mast cells.
Those mast cells release vasoactive and inflammatory cytokines (Huether & McCance, 2017). Another factor is age. Food is the large allergen for anaphylaxis in children (Grabenhenrich et al., 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). This is especially high for milk, eggs and nut allergies in children. The reactions and allergies to insect stings were more prevalent in young adults (Grabenhenrich et al., 2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online).
Conclusion
Anaphylactic shock can be life-threatening. One must be able to recognize mild allergic reaction symptoms and anaphylactic shock symptoms. Rapid response and treatment are imperative to prevent death in anaphylactic shock. As advanced practice nurses, it is paramount that signs and symptoms of shock be known as well as treatment options.
References
Grabenhenrich, L. B., Dolle, S., Moneret-Vautrin, A., Kohli, A., Lange, L., Spindler, T.,…Worm, M. (2016: 2024 – Do my homework – Help write my assignment online). Anaphylaxis in children and adolescents: the European anaphylaxis registry. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 137(4), 1128-1137.
Hammer, G. G., & McPhee, S. (2014: 2024 – Essay Writing Service | Write My Essay For Me Without Delay). Pathophysiology of disease: An introduction to clinical medicine (7th ed.). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Education.
Huether, S. E., & McCance, K. L. (2017). Understanding pathophysiology (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby.
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