Posted: December 28th, 2021

Discussion Week 1 Initial post 1.Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents

Discussion Week 1 Initial post

1.Explain the agonist-to-antagonist spectrum of action of psychopharmacologic agents.

The Agonists and antagonists are classified as two basic categories of drugs. Agonists, naturally occurring or drug, bind to activate receptors, while antagonists bind to receptors causing no activation and thus prevents the binding of agonists. (Clark, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). Stahl (2013) states that, agonists produce a change in the G-protein sites that activate and signal another messenger to the greatest extent possible in a cascade effect, the same concept works with the ligand gated ion channels. Antagonists prevent the action of agonists and stabilize the receptor site in a state of rest.

On the other hand, the antagonists are said to be silent in this respect because they are only active in the presence of an agonists, (Stahl, 2013). Antagonists play an important part in regulating neural transmission since it is the maximal activation of the signal transduction cascade that can cause undesirable effects. According to Ma, Raivio, Sabria, and Ortiz (2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service) , an atypical antipsychotic drug aripiprazole binds with high affinity to the G protein coupled receptors, including dopamine D2 receptors, where its efficacy as a partial agonist remains controversial. Aripiprazole under a basal condition acted as an agonist at D2-like auto receptors and fully activated them at about 10Nm, inhibiting dopamine synthesis similarly to quinpirole.

2.Compare and contrast the actions of g couple proteins and ion gated channels.

G proteins, also known as guanine nucleotide-binding proteins, are a family of proteins that act as molecular switches inside cells, and are involved in transmitting signals from a variety of stimuli outside a cell to its interior. This G-couple proteins consist of a single polypeptide chain that threads back and forth across the lipid bilayer seven times and are sometimes called serpentine receptors and they span the receptor seven times (Clark, 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). Each pass forms around a central hub where it binds with a neurotransmitter allowing a drug to interact at any of the transmembrane sites which can cause several actions and adverse effects depending on the drug (Stahl, 2013). On the other hand, there are two main types of ion gated channel where one type utilizes neurotransmitters to open and the other is opened by charge or voltage or voltage across the membrane (Stahl, 2013).

3.Explain the role of epigenetics in pharmacologic action.

Epigenetics means “in addition to changes in genetic sequence” (Weinhold 2006 – Write a paper; Professional research paper writing service – Best essay writers). The genes are transcribed from DNA to RNA or protein. Epigenetic mechanisms activate and deactivate genes through modifying the chromatin structure in the cell’s nucleus (Stahl, 2013). Regulation of gene activity through epigenetics importance in maintaining normal phenotypic activity of cells is evident and has been studied extensively in the development and diseases such as cancer and neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer’s (Stefanska & McEwan, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). Newer classes of drugs have been and are continuing to be developed that regulate epigenetic mechanisms to counteract disease (Stefanska & McEwan, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). In a study about “integrated genetic and epigenetic prediction of coronary artery disease in a Framington heart study”, the goal is to integrate genetic and epigenetic data to develop a classifier to predict symptomatic CAD as a step towards demonstrating the ability to use an integrated approach for future risk models as an alternative to existing algorithms (Dogan et al. 2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online).

4.Explain how this information may impact the way you prescribe medications to clients. Include a specific example of a situation or case with a client in which the psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must be aware of the medication’s action.

When prescribing a medication, The Psychiatric mental health nurse practitioner must understand the mechanism of action in order to minimize or prevent severe side effects or fetal event to the patient. The natural neurotransmitter interacts at all its receptor subtype, but many drugs are more selective than the neurotransmitter itself for certain receptor subtypes and thus define a pharmacologic subtype of receptor at which they specifically interact (Stahl, 2013). For instance, when prescribing psychotropic drugs be mindful that many have been correlated with the prolongation of the QT interval. Example is amitriptyline use to treat depression and nerve pain, a TCA inhibits potassium channels leading to hyperkalemia which is associated with torsades de pointes a ventricular tachycardia that can lead to sudden cardiac death.

References

Clarks, C. (2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). Basic principles of pharmacology. Tulane University School of Medicine. Retrieved fromhttp://tmedweb.tulane.edu/pharmwiki/doku.php/basic_principles_of_pharm?do=

Dogan, M. V., Grumbach, I. M., Michaelson, J. J., & Philibert, R. A. (2018: 2024 – Write My Essay For Me | Essay Writing Service For Your Papers Online). Integrated genetic and epigenetic prediction of coronary heart disease in the Framingham Heart Study. Plos ONE, 13(1), 1-18. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0190549

Ma, G. F., Raivio, N., Sabria, J., & Ortiz, J. (February 19, 2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). Agonist and Antagonist Effects of Aripiprazole on D2-Like Receptors Controlling Rat Brain Dopamine Synthesis Depend on the Dopaminergic Tone. International Journal of Neuropsychopharmacology, 18, 4.)

Stefanska, B., & McEwan, D. J. (2015 – Research Paper Writing Help Service). Epigenetics and pharmacology. British journal of pharmacology,172(11), 2701-4. doi: 10.1111/bph.13136

Stahl, S. M. (2013). Stahl’s essential psychopharmacology: Neuroscientific basis and practical applications (4th ed.). New York, NY: Cambridge University Press

Weinhold B. (2006 – Write a paper; Professional research paper writing service – Best essay writers). Epigenetics: the science of change. Environmental health perspectives, 114(3), A1607. doi: 10.1289/ehp.114-a160.

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